GAMSAT Section III Biology Questions Part 1

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Biology Questions Part 1

Biology Questions Part 1

Your score:

Average score:

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Speed as well as accuracy is important in this section. Work quickly, or you might not finish the paper. There are no penalties for incorrect responses, only marks for correct answers, so you should attempt all questions. Each question is worth one mark.

You must complete the answers within the time limit. Calculators are NOT permitted.

Good Luck!

Immunology

Below is a diagram showing the complement cascade, an important aspect of the immune system. Complement are proteins that become activated in times of infection and inflammation, dysfunction in this cascade can result in impaired ability to fight against infection.

https://microbeonline.com/complement-system-pathways-functions-regulation/

1. What is the outcome of the complement cascade?

A. Activation of the immune system.

B. Deactivation of the immune system to prevent auto-immunity.

C. Enhancement of immune system function.

D. Activation of specialised cells to fight infection.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

Candidates should be able to use the short description above the paragraph to determine that answer C is correct. Complement is an aspect of the immune system therefore A is incorrect; B is incorrect as the complement cascade shown in the diagram evidently does not inhibit or deactivate aspects of the immune system. D is incorrect as there is no evidence of specialised cells being activated in the diagram.

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Immunology

https://microbeonline.com/complement-system-pathways-functions-regulation/

2. What is the result of inhibition of C3 convertases from the pathways?

A. Complement cascade is impaired to an extent that the benefits to the immune system it provides are unable to occur.

B. The alternative pathway would be unable to occur.

C. The classical pathway would be inhibited.

D. Cell lysis would not occur.

Explanation

The correct answer is A.

Inhibition of C3 convertase would interrupt all three of the complement pathways thus preventing the benefits the complement cascade has for the immune system from arising.

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Immunology

https://microbeonline.com/complement-system-pathways-functions-regulation/

3. What is the result of inhibition of C5?

A. Complete dysfunction of the complement cascade.

B. Loss of ability to produce inflammation and the core signs of infection.

C. Loss of function of the immune system.

D. Loss of membrane attack complex formation.

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

Looking at the diagram candidates should be able to identify that if C5 were inhibited membrane attack complexes would be lost. A is incorrect as aspects of the cascade would still function, B is incorrect as C5 is not involved in inflammation and C is incorrect as the immune system function does not depend upon C5.

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Immunology

https://microbeonline.com/complement-system-pathways-functions-regulation/

4. What is the most accurate meaning of ‘cell lysis via pore formation’?

A. Cell dysfunction due to excessive exocytosis making it unable to attack the body as planned.

B. Cell rupture due to the formation of holes in the membrane allowing movement of compounds into the cell overfilling it.

C. Cell atrophy due to excessive exocytosis of cellular products from the result of holes forming in the membrane.

D. Cell dysfunction due to excessive endocytosis creating a toxic environment inside the cell.

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

Lysis means rupture. Only options B and C discuss the formation of holes in the cell membrane so candidates should be selecting between these two options. Lysis does not mean atrophy and so candidates should choose answer B.

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Macromolecules

Image reference:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digestion-and-absorption/process-of-digestion/

5. Which of the following is the most accurate definition of digestion?

A. The uptake of food particles into the bloodstream.

B. The break down and chemical conversion of food into its components to it can be absorbed by body cells.

C. The conversion of food from polysaccharides and fats to disaccharides and amino acids.

D. The Breakdown of food by the stomach acid to enable absorption into the bloodstream.

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

Answers A, C and D are all incorrect, answer B is the only one that provides an appropriate definition of digestion.

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Shauna Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 26 Mar 2024 04:46:16

In answer B, it should be “so it” instead of “to it”, the grammar mistakes are off-putting

Macromolecules

Image reference:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digestion-and-absorption/process-of-digestion/

6. What are carbohydrates broken down into?

A. Proteins

B. Amino acids and fats

C. Fats and sugars

D. Sugars

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars as shown in the diagram above.

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Macromolecules

Image reference:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digestion-and-absorption/process-of-digestion/

7. What purpose do carbohydrates provide?

A. Amino acid production to aid growth and repair of muscles.

B. Provider energy for cellular metabolism.

C. Provide energy for physical activity.

D. Provide the environment necessary to activate pancreatic enzymes.

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

Candidates should recall the respiration pathway and how glucose is fundamental for this pathway and therefore all aspects of cellular metabolism.

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Shauna Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 26 Mar 2024 04:45:10

Provider energy? Fix grammar issues please

Macromolecules

Image reference:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digestion-and-absorption/process-of-digestion/

8. What purpose do proteins provide?

A. Provision of amino acids which are the building blocks for proteins in the body.

B. Provision of muscle building substances.

C. Provision of amino acids as energy for cellular metabolism.

D. Maintenance of iron levels in the blood to avoid anaemia via providing amino acids.

Explanation

The correct answer is A.

The diagram shows that proteins become amino acids therefore amino acids should feature in the answer. Candidates should know that protein is not energy for cellular metabolism and though they may be tempted to select D by thinking of iron deficiency anaemia the information on amino acids is incorrect.

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Macromolecules

Image reference:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digestion-and-absorption/process-of-digestion/

9. What would be the result of a diseased pancreas on digestion?

A. Impaired digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates.

B. Impaired digestion of fats, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

C. Impaired digestion of proteins and carbohydrates.

D. Limited effects on digestion as there are enzymes aiding digestion that the small intestine produces.

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

All four columns of macromolecules that are digested would be affected by the loss of pancreatic enzymes in the case of a diseased pancreas.

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Macromolecules

Image reference:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digestion-and-absorption/process-of-digestion/

10. In coeliac disease there is inflammation and degradation of the wall of the small intestine. What is the result of this on digestion?

A. Impaired digestion of all foods taken in.

B. Impaired absorption of all substances across the small intestine epithelium.

C. Impaired digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid.

D. Impaired absorption of carbohydrates across the small intestine epithelium.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

Candidates should rule out A by using the diagram. Answers B and D refer to absorption and are therefore incorrect.

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Rachelle Medicmind Tutor

Wed, 26 Jan 2022 10:16:51

Can I check why is this digestion? Digestion can still take place with the release of pancreatic juices. Inflammation and degradation of the wall of the small intestine will mean that the lining of the small intestine is destroyed? This would affect absorption of digested food across the epithelium into bloodstream?

Olivia Medicmind Tutor

Fri, 11 Mar 2022 00:48:57

I agree with Rachelle. I can't understand why digestion can't occur. I understand that the question specifically asked about digestion but this seems like it might be an error?

Agne Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 19 Jul 2022 16:39:32

Would understand if it would relate to gluten(protein), which has an impact on the lining in celiac disease, but absorption would not be affected too much in my opinion.

Charlotte Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 02 Aug 2022 12:05:43

I don't understand why fats can be digested but others can't

Lois Medicmind Tutor

Sun, 14 Aug 2022 03:11:27

I think its because the question specifically refers to digestion - I got it wrong too lol

Macromolecules

Image reference:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digestion-and-absorption/process-of-digestion/

11. Which of the following would result from amino acids not being absorbed into the body?

A. Nothing, the body has it’s only supply of amino acids and does not require an intake from the diet. There would be no negative impacts upon the individual by not being able to absorb amino acids.

B. There would be impaired protein production within the body which would negatively impact the body in numerous ways including muscle development, immunity and mental health.

C. The body would compensate for the reduced absorption of amino acids by increasing the absorption of monosaccharides.

D. There would be impaired protein production within the body which would negatively impact skeletal muscle production leading to weakness and impaired mobility.

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

Answers A and C are incorrect and false facts. Whilst answer B is true it is less correct than option D.

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Stephanie Medicmind Tutor

Wed, 26 Jan 2022 17:44:44

The question is worded incorrectly.

Agne Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 19 Jul 2022 16:41:16

Would say that question B is better fit for this one. As impaired absorption of AA's would lead to far more consequences that just mobillity.

JK Medicmind Tutor

Thu, 18 Aug 2022 18:41:29

How is B 'less correct'?

Ieuan Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 23 Aug 2022 16:21:19

I agree with the above comments. Skeletal muscle is not the only area affected. AA's are fundamental for most physiological processes.

Macromolecules

Image reference:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digestion-and-absorption/process-of-digestion/

12. Which of the following individuals is likely to be at greatest risk of malnutrition?

A. A 22-year-old male who has begun a body building journey.

B. A 27-year-old women who is pregnant for the first time and in the first trimester.

C. A 16-year-old male with body dysmorphia.

D. A 10-year-old girl who has had the flue for the last 5 days.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

Body dysmorphia refers to an inaccurate vision of how your body looks, individuals with this condition are more likely to suffer from eating disorders and therefore malnutrition. An individual whom is body building is likely to follow a diet with sufficient levels of nutrients in it, with high levels of protein. A short flu illness is unlikely to cause malnutrition. Pregnancy can make you deficient in certain substances such as iron, however in the first trimester this is less likely to be the case.

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Guest Medicmind Tutor

Sun, 08 May 2022 18:02:09

Typo in answer choice D of "Flue", should be "Flu". Quite a controversial answer (C).

Agne Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 19 Jul 2022 16:43:16

Not necessary, as it is not stated that the person suffers from an eating disorder, while person with body dysmorphia could be completely healthy physically (not mentally maybe), and that does not mean that person will be malnourished.

Matt Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 26 Jul 2022 10:20:19

dysmorphia is a psychological condition where someone has a negative belief of their body shape. this docent indicate risk of malnutrition as the dysmorphia could be in instance a body builder thinking they're too skinny and needing to add more muscle and eat more to do so.

Matt Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 26 Jul 2022 10:21:32

doesn't*

Ieuan Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 23 Aug 2022 16:24:35

16 YO F in the first trimester of pregnancy vs body dysmorphia (not mentioned eating disorders). Misleading information - instantly think of hyperemesis while in 1st trimester = malnutrition. As mentioned above body dysmorphia can (and most commonly) leads to an increase in food consumption.

Kyle Medicmind Tutor

Sat, 27 Jan 2024 15:30:56

Body dysmorphia isn't unidirectional. Especially in male populations, someone might think they are too skinny and will eat in excess as a result. This is an equally valid eating disorder and results in the opposite to malnutrition. D is therefore the most correct.

Microbes

The diagram below shows a bacterial cell. The boxes surrounding the bacteria detail antibiotics that target different parts of a cell.

Image reference:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/mechanisms-of-antibacterial-drugs/

13. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of macrolides to kill a bacterial cell?

A. Trigger proliferation of ribosomes.

B. Enhance protein synthesis.

C. Inhibit protein synthesis.

D. Prevent the formation of cellular DNA.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

The first two options could be regarded as benefits to the bacterial cell and are therefore incorrect. Answer D is not the correct option as macrolides target protein synthesis not the cellular DNA.

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Microbes

The diagram below shows a bacterial cell. The boxes surrounding the bacteria detail antibiotics that target different parts of a cell.

Image reference:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/mechanisms-of-antibacterial-drugs/

14. Some bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. Considering bacteria resistant to penicillin which of the following options is most likely to have occurred to cause the resistance?

A. Development of a second cell wall meaning the drug takes longer to kill the bacteria.

B. Bacteria having a cell wall that prevents penicillin from binding to and destroying it.

C. Development of a rapid repair mechanism through the use of host enzymes to counteract the effects of penicillin.

D. Development of the ability to burrow into host cells and evade penicillin.

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

Candidates should think carefully about each of the options. Of all that are listed option B is the most plausible.

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Microbes

The diagram below shows a bacterial cell. The boxes surrounding the bacteria detail antibiotics that target different parts of a cell.

Image reference:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/mechanisms-of-antibacterial-drugs/

15. Which of the following is not a cause of antibiotic resistance?

A. Overuse of antibiotics, using them to treat viral infections.

B. Adding antibiotics to animal feed enabling antibiotic resistant bugs to become present in meat.

C. Patients passing antibiotics on to their friends when their friends are unwell.

D. Simultaneous use of multiple medications.

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

The first three options are all ways for antibiotic resistance to develop.

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Microbes

The diagram below shows a bacterial cell. The boxes surrounding the bacteria detail antibiotics that target different parts of a cell.

Image reference:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/mechanisms-of-antibacterial-drugs/

16. In the instance of an antibiotic resistant infection which of the following options for treatment would be the most sensible choice?

A. Raise the dose of the antibiotic, there will be a dosage at which it will work to kill the infection.

B. If the antibiotic is not working it is likely that it is not a bacterial infection as drug resistance is a very unlikely possibility.

C. Use multiple antibiotics to overcome the drug resistance.

D. Use haemodialysis to remove the bacteria from the patients blood.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

Of the options only C is plausible. A is not safe to do. B is incorrect regarding antibiotic resistance. D is not a suitable treatment option for many reasons which candidates should be able to determine.

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KiKi Medicmind Tutor

Fri, 18 Aug 2023 15:41:53

I can't understand how A is not a plausible answer? As someone who works in med lab, we would sooner measure what dose would kill the bacteria than give multiple antibiotics. Assuming the antibiotic is not nephrotoxic (and even when it is) higher doses are given.

Population biology

Image reference:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health

17. What does the graph above show?

A. The rapid rise in obesity levels over recent years

B. The increasing rates of obesity amongst children.

C. Obesity rates for children living in different areas of deprivation.

D. The effects of deprivation on weight.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

Candidates may make an assumption about what the graph shows without reading it correctly and select A or B. Answer D is an assumption and is not supported by the graph.

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Shauna Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 26 Mar 2024 04:48:20

Answer C states “children,” however we don’t know if year 6 are children and reception staff are included also so it’s not just children

Population biology

Image reference:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health

18. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The greatest rise in obesity prevalence from reception to year 6 occurs in the most deprived areas.

B. Those in the least deprived areas are only at a 25% increased risk of developing obesity whereas those in the most deprived areas are at a 50% increased risk of developing obesity.

C. The reason the prevalence of obesity is so high in the more deprived areas is because there are more individuals living in these areas.

D. Across all levels of deprivation there is at least a 5% rise in the prevalence of obesity between reception and year 6.

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

Statements B and D are incorrect and unsupported by the data. Option A is incorrect but candidates may select this option without checking the data, the greatest prevalence rise is actually in the second from the left bar.

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Population biology

Image reference:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health

19. Which of the following conclusions from the data in the graph is most valid?

A. As children age they are at increased risk of developing obesity with the risk of becoming obese doubling between reception and year 6.

B. Children living in more deprived areas are statistically more likely to suffer obesity.

C. Those with less money tend to eat worse and therefore are more obese than those with more money.

D. Those whom are obese in reception are likely to still be obese at year 6.

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

Answer A is not correct, the graph does not show risk. Answer C is an assumption, there is no way to know from the data in the graph what the cause of the obesity is. D is also an assumption and is therefore also incorrect.

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Gen F Medicmind Tutor

Thu, 05 Aug 2021 19:51:22

I would disagree that B would be the correct answer as this would infer that all children in the same country were at risk of obesity (if living in the most deprived area). This graph only gives a snap shot of a single year and no identified area. This would make the answer too general in this instance. This is the same for answer A as well.

Population biology

Image reference:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health

20. What is the average increase in obesity prevalence from reception to year 6?

A. 11.24

B. 10.12

C. 12.23

D. 10.23

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

Candidates need to calculate the mean rise across all deprivations.

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Guest Medicmind Tutor

Sun, 08 May 2022 18:07:41

Is this really a viable question for this section without a calculator being allowed? (especially dividing for the mean) Not sure whether these types of questions are actually asked, correct me if I am wrong.

jenny Medicmind Tutor

Mon, 03 Jul 2023 15:47:47

i agree, each question is supposed to take a minute or so - this would be impossible to do in a min without a calculator

KiKi Medicmind Tutor

Fri, 18 Aug 2023 15:45:16

To those who have not sat the gamsat, this type of question would be asked however the numbers would be much simpler to quickly add up. If this was asked, they would advise you to round up or down on the numbers and exclude the sig figs.

Embryology

In pregnancy the foetus is supplied with oxygen and nutrients via blood vessels in the umbilical cord. Oxygenated blood travels from the placenta, to the cord to the foetus. Deoxygenated blood travels from the foetus, to the cord to the placenta.

Below are a list of vessels/structures with their associated pressures, note they are not in order of blood flow. Use this information to help you answer the questions below.

Uterine arteries: 80mmHg

Umbilical arteries: 50mmHg

Umbilical veins: 20mmHg

Chorionic villi in the placenta: 30mmHg

Intervillous space in the placenta: 10mmHg

21. What type of respiration is the predominant type that occurs whilst the foetus is in utero?

A. Aerobic respiration

B. Anaerobic respiration until the lungs form at which point it becomes aerobic respiration.

C. Anaerobic respiration

D. A mix of anaerobic and aerobic respiration throughout gestation.

Explanation

The correct answer is A.

This question encourages candidates to consider the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Candidates need to remember that the foetus is not without oxygen throughout gestation, the mother supplies the foetus with oxygen via the placenta.

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Thomas Medicmind Tutor

Sat, 22 Jan 2022 00:44:20

J Dev Physiol 9: 325, 1987.) It is known that a fetus depends partially on anaerobic metabolism for its energy needs during oxygen insufficiency. It has also been shown in experimental animals that a newborn's ability to tolerate asphyxia depends on cardiac carbohydrate reserves.

Agne Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 19 Jul 2022 16:48:08

Completely agree with Thomas

waqas Medicmind Tutor

Wed, 08 Mar 2023 10:46:15

I don't have much grasp on this topic but i believe the question is asking for "PREDOMINANT TYPE" not the only type! just a thought...

Marseel Medicmind Tutor

Thu, 21 Mar 2024 10:08:34

B is correct,anaerobic respiration is the predominant type of respiration that occurs in the fetus while it is in utero, as the fetus relies on the placenta for oxygen and nutrients, and does not actively breathe air.

Embryology

Below are a list of vessels/structures with their associated pressures, note they are not in order of blood flow. Use this information to help you answer the questions below.

Uterine arteries: 80mmHg

Umbilical arteries: 50mmHg

Umbilical veins: 20mmHg

Chorionic villi in the placenta: 30mmHg

Intervillous space in the placenta: 10mmHg

22. What is the greatest difference in partial pressures between oxygenated maternal blood and deoxygenated foetal blood?

A. 50mmHg

B. 60mmHg

C. 30mmHg

D. 70mmHg

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

Candidates must subtract the umbilical artery pressure from the uterine artery pressure. Prior knowledge of the umbilical veins carrying oxygenated blood and the deoxygenated blood being carried in the umbilical artery is needed.

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Clancy Medicmind Tutor

Mon, 06 Sep 2021 11:31:25

Is the difference in pressure between the uterine artery and umbilical arteries (30mmHg) or between the umbilical arteries and the umbillical veins (also 30mmHg), please? The answer explanation confused me as the 'prior knowledge' talks about the umbilical veins and umbilical artery (which would be 30mmHg), but the working suggests umbilical artery and uterine artery (which would be 30mmHg but a different calculation)? Thank you

Embryology

Below are a list of vessels/structures with their associated pressures, note they are not in order of blood flow. Use this information to help you answer the questions below.

Uterine arteries: 80mmHg

Umbilical arteries: 50mmHg

Umbilical veins: 20mmHg

Chorionic villi in the placenta: 30mmHg

Intervillous space in the placenta: 10mmHg

23. How would placental abruption (rupture of a segment of the placenta causing blood loss) affect partial pressures?

A. Increase in maternal, decrease in foetal

B. Increase in foetal, decrease in maternal

C. Increase in foetal, increase in maternal

D. Decrease in foetal, decrease in maternal

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

This question encourages candidates to consider how blood loss from placental abruption could affect the mother and the foetus. With active bleeding the mothers blood pressure would be reduced and as the placenta has been damaged there will be less blood flowing across it into the umbilical vein meaning foetal pressures will also drop.

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Embryology

Below are a list of vessels/structures with their associated pressures, note they are not in order of blood flow. Use this information to help you answer the questions below.

Uterine arteries: 80mmHg

Umbilical arteries: 50mmHg

Umbilical veins: 20mmHg

Chorionic villi in the placenta: 30mmHg

Intervillous space in the placenta: 10mmHg

24. What is the most significant affect placental abruption has on the foetus?

A. Accumulation of waste products in foetal circulation.

B. The reptured placenta causes blood accumulation in the womb which can poison the mother.

C. The foetus becomes deprived of oxygen and nutrients.

D. The reptured placenta causes blood to flow into the amniotic sac and harm the foetus.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

The question stem states that the mother is responsible for supplying the foetus with oxygen and nutrients. Therefore if you have a rupture of the placenta there would be reduced amounts of oxygen and nutrients going to the foetus.

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Thomas Medicmind Tutor

Fri, 27 Aug 2021 11:58:18

Whilst the placenta provides nutrients to the foetus it also removes wastes from the foetal circulation. So wouldn't an abruption reduce the ability of the placenta to remove foetal waste products? Thus leading to an accumulation of wastes in the foetal circulation.

Guest Medicmind Tutor

Sun, 08 May 2022 18:10:29

I think that answer C reflects the "significant" part of the question Thomas, so there is a more severe circumstance from oxygen and nutrient deprivation compared to an eventual buildup.

Agne Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 19 Jul 2022 16:50:44

Got it right, but been considering the waste answer. I think that these MCQ should have a better wording as I have noticed many issues with it beforehand.

Genetics

The diagram below shows the inheritance pattern for Cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive condition, in a family. The squares are men, the circles are women. Shaded means the individual has cystic fibrosis.

Image reference:

https://lanabell12.weebly.com/pedigree.html

25. Which of the following statements about the term autosomal recessive Cystic Fibrosis are correct based on the diagram above?

A. Autosomal recessive indicates a condition arises at all generation levels in a family.

B. Cystic fibrosis is only inherited by the offspring when the male parent is affected with it.

C. Cystic fibrosis affects more males in the family than females.

D. Cystic fibrosis is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

Candidates can deduce based on the numbers of males and number of females affected with cystic fibrosis that in this family shown above more of the males are affected. Candidates may be tempted to select D based on social knowledge of cystic fibrosis but this is unsupported by the diagram. Candidates may be wanting to select A but if you look at the diagram and consider each individual family unit not just the extended family it is clear that not all generation levels in a family are affected.

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Stephanie Medicmind Tutor

Wed, 26 Jan 2022 18:01:07

The diagram clearly shows 4 males and 4 females with the disease, not including the first male at the top. If we consider them by each family unit, then there are no more males per family unit than females that have the disease. Poorly made diagram/question.

Olivia Medicmind Tutor

Fri, 11 Mar 2022 00:56:33

I also want to add that the diagram lacks the ability to see carriers who do not have the phenotype. thus, it is very difficult to see this is, in fact, autosomal recessive at all

Ieuan Medicmind Tutor

Mon, 22 Aug 2022 12:15:45

Candidates can also deduce from the diagram that autosomal recessive CF is present in all generations. Meaning answer A could also be correct. Statistically, the prevalence of CF in men compared to women is around a 52/48% split M/F.

Genetics

Image reference:

https://lanabell12.weebly.com/pedigree.html

26. If cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive which of the following statements are correct?

A. For an individual to inherit cystic fibrosis both parents must have cystic fibrosis.

B. For an individual to inherit cystic fibrosis one of the parents must have the condition.

C. For an individual to inherit cystic fibrosis the mother must have cystic fibrosis.

D. For an individual to inherit cystic fibrosis both parents must at least be carriers of the condition.

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

Looking at the inheritance diagram and considering the definition of autosomal recessive candidates should be able to determine that option D is correct.

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Ethan Medicmind Tutor

Sat, 18 Mar 2023 10:30:26

Can someone explains why "both parents", the diagram clearly shows it takes only one parent to pass down the disease.

jenny Medicmind Tutor

Mon, 03 Jul 2023 15:53:02

the diagram only shows people with CF ( not carriers) - so both parents would need to be carriers to pass it down

Genetics

Image reference:

https://lanabell12.weebly.com/pedigree.html

27. Which of the following statements is the correct description of the individual the arrow points to?

A. Female affected with cystic fibrosis with a positive carrier status for the condition.

B. Male affected with cystic fibrosis and a carrier of the genes.

C. Female affected with cystic fibrosis but not a carrier of the genes.

D. Male affected by cystic fibrosis but negative for carrier status of the condition.

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

Candidates should use the information in the paragraph above the diagram and the diagram to determine that statement B is correct.

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Genetics

Image reference:

https://lanabell12.weebly.com/pedigree.html

28. Which of the following would be a correct punnet square for the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis considering the 2 individuals circled on the diagram.

Explanation

The correct answer is A.

Candidates should have the prior knowledge that in a punnet square a recessive quality is shown in lower case and a dominant quality is shown as a capital. Additionally it should be known that for a recessive condition to be inherited both parents must at least be carriers of the recessive gene.

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Enzymes

Image reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin–angiotensin_system

29. What would be the result of inhibiting the enzyme ACE?

A. There would be no regulation of blood pressure.

B. There would be no reabsorption of salts and water by the kidneys.

C. There would be increased activity of the parasympathetic system.

D. There would be inhibited aldosterone secretion.

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

Of all the statements only D is supported by the diagram. Candidates may end up choosing between C and D but D is the correct choice as there is no evidence that a lack of activation of the sympathetic nervous system means increased activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

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jenny Medicmind Tutor

Mon, 03 Jul 2023 15:53:59

can someone explain why it would not be b

Amani Medicmind Tutor

Tue, 04 Jul 2023 21:23:40

I would also like to know the answer to Jenny's comment

Stella Medicmind Tutor

Thu, 03 Aug 2023 10:34:03

For the above questions, I believe it may be because there are other factors that can affect salt and water reabsorption in the kidneys, and also that with ACE inhibition this would still occur, it would just be decreased - so there being less reabsorption could be correct, but not none

Enzymes

Image reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin–angiotensin_system

30. Which of the following terms is appropriate to describe the enzyme Renin?

A. Anabolic

B. Catabolic

C. Static

D. Transformational

Explanation

The correct answer is B.

Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I thus making it a catabolic enzyme.

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Enzymes

Image reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin–angiotensin_system

31. Which of the following statements are true?

A. Renin is modulated via an empirically negative feedback system.

B. ADH is the only hormone secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

C. The RAA system is designed to modulate blood pressure.

D. Inhibition of the RAA system can only be achieved by stopping the production of renin by the kidney.

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

Candidates should be able to infer that by controlling the amount of salt and water present in the blood and by adjusting the diameter of arterioles blood pressure will be adjusted. Statement A disregards the positive feedback aspect of renin production and there is no evidence to support statements B and D.

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Enzymes

Image reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin–angiotensin_system

32. Which of the following statements are false?

A. Of all enzymes in the RAA system renin is the most important.

B. The RAA system requires the appropriate functioning of multiple organs.

C. The system has the potential to cause hypokalaemia and hypernatremia.

D. Disease of the lungs or liver can negatively affect the functioning of the RAA system.

Explanation

The correct answer is A.

All the other statements can be corroborated by the diagram and the candidates thinking about how disease and illness could impact the liver, lungs and kidneys. It cannot be told based on the diagram whether Renin is the most important enzyme and due to the subjectivity of the statement ‘most important’, A is false.

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Biology Questions Part 1 Section

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GAMSAT Section III Biology Questions Part 1

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Biology Questions Part 1 Review Screen

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Biology Questions Part 1 Section

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Biology Questions Part 1 Section

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