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TSA 2016 S1
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2016 S1
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This section is Section 1 of 3.
Speed as well as accuracy is important in this section. Work quickly, or you might not finish the paper. There are no penalties for incorrect responses, only marks for correct answers, so you should attempt all 50 questions. Each question is worth one mark.
You must complete the answers within the time limit. Calculators are NOT permitted.
Good Luck!
Note – if press “End Exam” you can access full worked solutions for all past paper questions
We need to accept flooding as a regular occurrence in the UK. Statistics show that days of ‘extreme rain’ (very heavy rainfall) have become more common since 1960, moving from one in a hundred days on average in the 1960s to one in seventy days in 2015. The apparent trend mirrors increases in extreme rain seen in other parts of the world. Countries such as India and China expect and prepare for this, but in the UK we have to change our thinking and plan our infrastructure to cope with it. The damage caused to homes and businesses as well as the risk of injury and death through flooding are very significant. Scientists say that, as the world has warmed by 0.7 °C, the atmosphere is able to hold 4% more moisture, which means more potential rain.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
The main conclusion is given by the fourth sentence of the passage. You may think answer A is implied in the fourth sentence, however A refers to an event in the past (‘The UK has been underprepared’) and the passage only alludes to future flood risk. Answer B is implied by the first clause in the fourth sentence, however the second clause of the same sentence suggest these countries are being used to emphasise answer D. The final sentence refers to global warming, but this is given as evidence to support that there will be regular flooding and does not mention politics, eliminating C. The final sentence tells us that the temperature has already risen, but gives no indication that this is to continue into the future, eliminating E.
An unusual dartboard is used in a playground game:
In order to win the big prize, contestants must score exactly 50 with three darts, all of which must be in different sectors.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
Possible combinations include 18, 24, 28 and 18, 11, 21. The only number included in both of these is 18.
Fiona
Medicmind Tutor
Tue, 31 Oct 2023 07:01:21
18 + 24 + 8 = 50 18 + 11 + 21 = 50
Fiona
Medicmind Tutor
Tue, 31 Oct 2023 07:02:00
18 + 24 + 8 = 50; 8 + 11 + 21 = 50
Researchers have discovered the first physical evidence of structural brain differences that distinguish early risers from people who like to stay up late. Around 10 per cent of people qualify as ‘morning people’ or ‘larks’, and a further 20 per cent are ‘night owls’ – with the rest of us falling somewhere in between. The brain differences might help to explain why ‘night owls’ seem to be at greater risk of depression than ‘larks’. Brain scans have shown ‘night owls’ have a lower quality of white matter (tissue largely comprised of fatty insulating material that speeds up the transmission of nerve signals) in areas of the brain associated with depression. ‘Night owls’ should try to adjust their sleep patterns if they wish to avoid mental health problems.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
Answer C is implied by the final sentence ‘‘Night owls’ should try to adjust their sleep patterns if they wish to avoid mental health problems.’ Although the passage states that ‘Brain scans have shown ‘night owls’ have a lower quality of white matter’, it does not explain or give evidence for a relationship between the quality of white matter and sleep patterns.
There have been a growing number of calls to phase out the smallest denomination coins. The single penny is almost useless for purchasing items by itself. It would be simpler if prices were rounded to the nearest five pence and this would reduce the amount of small change carried around. But this view does not take into consideration that this will inevitably lead to price increases. Very few people would be concerned about paying £1 instead of 99 pence, but it is not the consumer who benefits from the 1% price increase. A single penny may not be worth much, but those who save them do eventually have enough to purchase something useful. There are many charities that also benefit from these small coins as donations.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
The use of ‘also’ in the final sentence suggests that donation to charity is only part of the conclusion, eliminating A. The passage focuses on the benefits of small denomination coins, eliminating B and C which suggest the opposite view. Answer D may be tempting due to the penultimate sentence, but the final sentence suggests there are more benefits to small denomination coins than being able to save them. Therefore the answer is E, given by the two last sentences.
There is a lot more to interpreting and recognising faces than you might think. Forgetting people we used to know is not that uncommon, and is something we are in fact all guilty of. But next time you’re standing in the supermarket having a conversation with someone you don’t recognise but act like you remember them, take heed that the likelihood is that they will know you are lying. Lying is a lot harder than most people realise, and hiding the fact we are lying is harder still. This is because we all make brief, involuntary facial expressions when we try to conceal or repress something, such as trying to remember someone. These have been termed micro-expressions. So when someone you don’t recognise starts talking to you, you should just confess straight away because your micro-expressions will probably give you away anyway.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The argument is that lying is difficult because we ‘make brief, involuntary facial expressions’ ‘termed micro expressions’ when lying. This implies that the micro-expressions can be picked up by another person. If B was not an assumed, the micro-expressions shown on someone’s face when lying would not make it harder to lie, because they would not be detected by other people. Therefore B is the assumption without which the argument falls apart.
I have booked a flight from London to Auckland, which is in a time zone 12 hours ahead of GMT. I am due to leave London at 17:30 GMT on 19 August and will arrive in Auckland at 06:15 on 21 August (local time). My journey includes a 1-hour stop in Los Angeles and a 1.5-hour stop in Hawaii.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
They leave London at 17:30 GMT on 19th August, which will be 05:30 on 20th August in Auckland (as it is 12 hours ahead). That means that the journey lasts from 05:30 (20th) to 06:15 (21st) which is 24 hours and 45 mins. Take away 2.5 hours for the two stops, giving us 22 hours and 15 mins in the air which is 22 ¼ hours so the answer is B.
Anton wants to ride one of the top 8 roller coasters in the world to celebrate his 13th birthday. The top 8 roller coasters are spread around the world. Anton has to decide which roller coaster to visit, taking into consideration:
– Anton’s height: 143 cm
– $400 maximum for two one-way flights
– The roller coaster must reach at least 90mph
– Queue time is no longer than 40 minutes
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
We can rule out Goliath, Intimidator 305 and Top Thrill Dragster because their minimum height is greater than Anton’s. We can also rule out Voyage because the speed is less than 90mph. Finally, we can rule out all the remaining options except for Kingda Ka because the cost of two one-way flights will be greater than 400 for all but Kingda Ka. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
A cube is labelled with six letters and, when viewed in two positions, looks like this:
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
We can rule out options C and E because the ‘bottom’ of the letter A points to the cube face with the letter B, whereas in the examples we can see that it should be the top of the letter A. We can rule out B because we can see that while the letter F is upright, the letter A is upside-down, whereas in the examples we can see that they have the same orientation so either both should be upright or both should be upside down on the net. Option A can also be ruled out because if we were to fold the net, the base of the letters F and E will be adjacent to the letter A – rather then their sides, so yet again the orientation of the letters relative to A is incorrect. Hence, we are left with D as the only correct net that can be folded to give the example cube shown.
The health service urgently needs more blood donors to meet demands on its ‘blood bank’ for transfusions. Most of us ignore this need, but we are only too glad to receive the blood of other donors in emergencies. To boost the blood bank, transfusions should only be given to those who have indicated they are donors or agree to become donors. In this fairer system, receiving and giving within the blood service would become clear in everyone’s mind and the blood bank given all the donations it needs.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
The main argument is given by the third sentence, ‘transfusions should only be given to those who have indicated they are donors or agree to become donors’. The passage does not indicate that only giving transfusions to agreed donors would not be able to meet demands for certain blood types, eliminating B. Answer C neither strengthens nor weakens the argument, as it does not indicate a flaw or a benefit to only allowing blood donors to be given transfusions. Answer D may actually strengthen the argument, by emphasising the first sentence of the passage. Answer E neither strengthens nor weakens the argument, because those who refused blood transfusions would not need to be donors if the argument was upheld. Therefore, the answer is A, because under the rules of the argument given, those uneligible to give blood would also be unable to receive blood, despite not having a choice whether or not to be a donor.
A recent study has found that those businesses which engaged more with social media had more financial success than businesses which did not. The businesses which were the most engaged saw their revenue grow by 18 per cent over the last year, while the least engaged saw losses of 8 per cent. Since social media is the future of communication, it can be seen that businesses should interact more with social media in order to maximise their profits.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The overall argument is given by the final sentence of the passage: ‘businesses should interact more with social media in order to maximise their profits’. The evidence is given in the first sentence of the passage, suggesting that more social media is associated with more financial success for businesses, but does not indicate that more social media=more profit. In essence, there is a correlation between use of social media and financial success but this does not mean that increased use of social media causes financial success; there could be a third variable involved or the correlation could be due to chance. Answer A is incorrect because the argument does not refer to whether or not businesses use social media, only that in general businesses should use social media more. Answer B is incorrect because the argument only refers to maximising profits by using more social media and does not suggest that businesses will collapse if more social media is used. Answer D is not a flaw because ignoring forms of communication other than social media would not impact the overall argument. E is also not a flaw because this is used only as an example to support the overall argument.
The apostrophe has limited usefulness as a punctuation mark, so it will be no loss if it disappears altogether from the English language. The fact that it can’t be heard at all in speech suggests we can make our meaning clear without it. It is already disappearing from much business correspondence without commerce grinding to a halt. The apostrophe is also widely misused, which is surely another measure of its unimportance. Many people apparently think it belongs in any word that ends with an ‘s’, as demonstrated by this sign seen in an off-licence window: ‘Beer’s, wine’s and spirit’s at pre-budget price’s’. Yet judging by the queue in the shop, nobody had failed to get the message that there were bargains to be had.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Answer A is implied by the example given in the final two sentences of the passage, because the incorrect use of an apostrophe did not seem to affect communication. But this example is only given to support the main conclusion B, which is given in the second clause of the first sentence of the text. Answer C, like A, is suggested by the final two sentences and is again used to support B. Answer D is indicated in the second sentence, and also provides support to B. Answer E may be inferred from the passage, but it is not stated as clearly as B so is unlikely to be the main conclusion.
Three night security guards, Robert, Sheila and Tom, are assigned to guard a factory for five consecutive nights, Monday night to Friday night inclusive.
Two of the guards are to be on duty each night. Tom must be on duty for four nights and Robert and Sheila are on duty for three nights each. Regulations do not allow any guard to work for more than two consecutive nights.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
For this question it is easiest if you create a table as shown, of all the days and jot down which guards are working on which nights. We were already told that Robert is working on Friday. The next piece of information that we can fill in is the days that Tom is working because he is working for 4 nights and as he cannot work for more than 2 consecutive nights, this must mean that he works on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. As a result, this means that both Robert and Sheila must be working on Wednesday. Since he cannot work for more than 2 consecutive nights, Robert cannot work on Thursday, so it much be Sheila who does her shift that night and as Sheila cannot work more than 2 consecutive nights, Robert would have to work on Tuesday, which means that Sheila works on Monday to complete all three of her shifts. Therefore, the answer is C.
As a treat for my sixth birthday I am going swimming with my family next Saturday afternoon. My mum is a nurse and my dad is unemployed. My sister is three years younger than me and my brother is two years older but they will both enjoy the treat too. Grandma is coming but she will watch rather than swim. Grandpa loves swimming even though he is nearly 72 years old, so he will be in the pool enjoying the swim.
The charges at the local swimming centre are shown below:
*Adults must be Unemployed or Senior Citizens
Off-peak – Monday to Friday 9 am to 5 pm
Peak – all other times and school holidays
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
So we have 3 children going (6 year-old, 8 year-old and a 3 year-old), the 2 parents, and the 2 grandparents. Instantly we can see that the 3 year-old goes for free, while Grandma pays 70p as a spectator. We can also see that the concession ticket (for the unemployed dad, Grandpa and two remaining kids) will be much cheaper than any of the remaining options. And finally, we need to add £3.80 for the mum who will have to buy a normal adult ticket. This gives us 70p+£4.80+£3.80 = £9.30, so the answer is C. Importantly if we quickly consider any of the other possible combinations using the other concession family ticket with only one adult or the full-priced Family tickets, we can see that this will cost us more, so C is the correct answer
The floor of the reception area of the head office of Stott and Walsh is tiled as shown below:
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
A can replace the third tile on the bottom row when rotated 90 degrees clockwise. C can be rotated 90 degrees to replace the central tile for the letter S. D can replace the first tile of the second row when rotated 90 degrees anticlockwise. E can replace the first tile of the bottom row when rotated 180 degrees. This leaves B, which is the mirror image of D but the two are non-superimposable.
Scientists at University College London investigating the effects of bedtime routine on child development asked children to complete a number of tests including basic number skills, reading out word cards, and constructing designs from flat or solid shapes. Although the hour that children went to bed had little or no effect on their performance, having no set bedtime often led to lower scores. The effect was most striking in three-year-olds, where boys and girls scored lower on reading, maths and spatial skills tests than children of the same age who kept to a more rigid schedule.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Answer A can be eliminated because it is too definite; the passage merely gives evidence to suggest, not confirm this theory. Answer C can be eliminated because the passage does not mention parents. Answer D can also be excluded because the text refers to bedtimes, not sleep quality. E is unlikely to be the answer because the passage does not mention cognitive disorders. This leaves answer B, which may be implied by the second sentence of the text.
The funding situation for educational provision in UK prisons is a national disgrace. Prisons provide free room and board, and inmates are frequently given access to the internet, cable TV, and gym facilities. At the same time, lengthy waiting lists exist for prison literacy classes, and ever increasing budget cuts put pressure on prison library resources. Meanwhile, it is estimated that at least half of UK prisoners possess a reading age of eleven or less. If society wants to reduce the chances of prisoners reoffending upon their release, we must give them the opportunity to develop the literacy skills they need to build a successful life outside prison.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Answer A may be implied by the frequent ‘access to the internet, cable TV, and gym facilities’ prison provides and is therefore not an assumption. The final sentence suggests that education is an ‘opportunity’ rather than a ‘right’, eliminating C. The third sentence suggests D, so it cannot be an assumption. E is implied by the final sentence, which hence is also not an assumption. This leaves B, which must be assumed in order to support the conclusion that prisons should be educated, rather than be given the items listed in the second sentence of the passage.
Some say that religion is crucial for providing us with a moral framework, for giving clear strong moral guidance. Without religion, some say, people might lose their sense of morality altogether. But those who argue this ought to consider the Ancient Greeks. The Greeks pondered obsessively the question of what makes a good life and how to live well. In fact the word ‘ethics’ comes from them. And although they had their own set of gods, those gods were hardly moral role models (Zeus himself was a serial adulterer). Moreover, there was nothing by way of an agreed religious text from which to obtain their moral rules. There was even an atheist movement in Ancient Greece. The Greeks alone are proof that if we are to lose our faith in God, this does not mean we must also lose our faith in morality.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The passage overall concludes the importance of morality and maintaining faith in it. Answer A may support the argument, as completing ‘heroic deeds’ may boost morality, eliminating A. Answer B can be excluded because the passage does not mention poetry nor drama. The passage does not suggest that stronger faith in God affects one’s faith in morality, so D must be incorrect. Nor does the text imply that E would reduce the importance of morality, excluding E. Hence, the answer must be C, which is supported by the second two sentences (which suggest that people who have lost there sense of morality should look to Ancient Greeks).
This diagram shows the roads that connect four towns and the distances involved.
I live in Essover. This afternoon I have to visit clients in Arford, Teechester and Yewton before returning to Essover. It does not matter in which order I visit the clients.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
Given that the 31km journey from Essover to Arford is the longest journey shown, we want to avoid it as much as possible. So starting from Essover we can either go to Yewton or Teechester. As we will see, either option will lead to the same outcome, as in order to avoid the 31 km journey and to also avoid doubling back we will use one to start of the visit and the other to return and it does not matter which way round we go about it. Say we take the 20 km route to Yewton first, we now have the option of travelling to Teechester or Arford. The former option will lead to us then going to Arford and then using the 31km road which is pretty long, so it’s much better to travel to Arford from Yewton instead. Now we can travel to Teechester and use the 23km route back to Essover, giving us a total of 20+18+25+23=86km. The result will be the same if we were to do the inverse, i.e. Essover-Teechester-Arford-Yewton-Essover. So, the correct answer is C.
The following is from a report on road accidents in Scotland in 1998:
A total of 13,828 car users were injured in road accidents, representing 62% of all casualties. Of these people, a total of 2,386 were either fatally or seriously injured, 223 of whom died. Roads in built-up areas accounted for a little over half of all car-user casualties (53%: 7,389 out of 13,828). Presumably because average speeds are higher in non-built-up areas, they accounted for much higher percentages of the total numbers of car users who were fatally injured (84%: 187 out of 223) or were fatally or seriously injured (72%: 1,724 out of 2,386).
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
This question provides a lot of information and unnecessary values to mislead you, hence it is key to quickly skim the paragraph, to look at what kind of information is being provided (e.g. total number injured, followed by statistics for roads in built up areas and then non built up areas), then look at what the question is asking and identify the key details to look out for (e.g. serious not fatal injuries in non-built up areas). From this we can tell that the information we require on non-built-up areas is at the end of the paragraph. Since 1724 individuals suffered fatal or serious injuries and 187 were fatally injured, we can do 1724-187 to calculate the answer. Clearly since the only answer option lower than 1724 is A, that must be the answer and we don’t need to spend time calculating the value accurately.
One of the exhibits in the Interactive Art Exhibition at the Hanson Gallery consists of 16 identical free-standing cubes. Visitors to the exhibition are invited to handle these cubes and rearrange them to create their own work of art.
This is the arrangement that I have made:
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
We can see that the leftmost stack of cubes only consists of 1 cube, allowing us to rule out options B and D. The next stack (moving to the right from the leftmost stack) contain two cubes, so we can rule out C. We are left with options A and E, and since there are two cubes in the rightmost stack, the correct answer must be E.
It is all very well for Europeans to expect African farmers and villagers to show the same enthusiasm for lion protection schemes as ‘wildlife tourists’ and armchair conservationists who deplore the killing or even the fencing-in of these noble and celebrated creatures. But it is estimated that the average farm in Tanzania loses the equivalent of £600 a year in livestock due to lions straying outside the boundaries of the national parks where they are protected and growing in numbers. When out hunting, lions do not respect the difference between another wild animal and a domesticated beast that is owned by someone and often of priceless value to that person. Most European countries would not tolerate the presence of huge, wild, man-eating cats roaming wild in the countryside, decimating their profits and killing their children. They have proved this by hunting many native species perceived as dangerous – wolves, bears, boar – to extinction, or by destroying their habitats. Why should Africa be different?
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
In the final two sentences, the argument is given that because ‘Most European countries’ have no tolerated many native species, neither should Africa. But the passage does not explain why knowing that other countries have taken this approach to wildlife, Africa should as well. Hence answer A is the flaw. Answer B is irrelevant to the passage. Answer C somewhat strengthens the argument so cannot be a flaw. The passage does not indicate any disadvantages to lions becoming an endangered species so eliminate answer D. Answer E may oppose the arguement given in the text, but does not highlight a flaw.
This essay is of a far higher standard than can be expected of undergraduates. Either the student is exceptionally intelligent and knowledgeable, or she has copied the essay from the internet. Her previous essays have given no indication that she is more intelligent or knowledgeable than an average student. So she must be guilty of plagiarism.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Because X (the student) has done V (a high standard essay), either X is Y (intelligent and knowledgeable), or W (has carried out plagiarism). X has not shown Y, so must have carried out W. Answer B: X=the partner V=given flowers Y=feeling guilty W=it is a special occasion.
It is both morally and economically wrong for the Government to give implicit approval to an employment system that lands the state with a huge bill to top up the incomes of the lowest earners. The holes in millions of pay cheques are being plugged by in-work support to the tune of £4 bn a year. But why aren’t those who are profiting from their workers paying up? Why is the Government having to subsidise businesses who don’t pay their employees enough to live on? It is a question we need to answer and act on – fast. The cost of living is rising but wages are not. In the rush for profit, and for high pay at the top, too many companies have forgotten the basic moral imperative that employees be paid enough to live on.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
Answer A is incorrect because the second, third and fourth sentences suggest the writer thinks that businesses are to blame for the holes in pay cheques and that the government is actually helping to fill the holes. Answer B opposes the argument given in the first sentence, so eliminate B. The passage blames companies/businesses rather than those receiving a higher pay, so eliminate C. Answer D is indicated in the penultimate sentence, but only supports the main principle of the argument, which is E.
Last night I took part in a quiz night, and my team won first prize. The quiz consisted of three rounds:
Round 1 was 20 easy questions worth 1 point each;
Round 2 was 20 medium questions worth 2 points each;
Round 3 was 20 hard questions worth 5 points each.
Our winning score was 138 points, having answered just nine questions incorrectly.
The runners-up were annoyed because they had fewer incorrect answers, but fortunately for us (although a little embarrassing) we had more incorrect answers in Round 1 (the easy questions) than in either of the other two rounds.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The maximum points per round are Round1 = 20, Round 2 = 40 and Round 3 = 100. This gives an overall maximum of 160 points. Therefore, as the winning team got 138 points, this means that they were 22 points away from the maximum and this is due to the 9 questions they answered incorrectly. If we work through the answer options, for A we have to assume that they answer 4 questions wrong in round 1. This means that a. they got 5 questions wrong over rounds 2 and 3 and b. that in addition to the 4 points lost in round 1, they lost an additional 18 points over rounds 2 and 3. If we use trial and error at this point, we can see that this combination does not work as if we assume that they got 1 wrong in round 3, that means that they would get 4 wrong in round 2, which would be incorrect as they had more incorrect answers in Round 1 than in either of the other two rounds. If we assume 2 wrong in round 3, this still doesn’t work, as that means that they must have gotten the remaining 3 incorrect answers in round 2 but 2×5 + 3×2 = 16 rather than 18 and so on. So we can move onto option B. If we assume 5 wrong in round 1, that means 4 questions wrong plus 17 points lost over the remaining two rounds. Here, we can see that if we get 3 wrong in round 3 and 1 wrong in round 2 and that gives us 3×5 + 1×2 = 17, hence as this combination works, the correct answer is B.
I need to buy new printer paper for my fax machine. The paper comes in rolls. My machine needs paper 210 mm wide and will take a roll up to 25.4 mm in diameter.
I do not really care how long the paper in the roll is and will buy rolls in bulk if they are cheaper. I will just buy the most economical paper to use. I cannot, however, afford to spend more than £30.00.
The prices in the catalogue are as follows:
(RRP=Recommended Retail Price)
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
Let’s number the possible options given in the table 1-5 from top to bottom in the table. The machine needs paper 210 mm wide, so eliminate option 1 (in the first row of the table) because the width is 216mm. The machine will take a roll up to 25.4 mm in diameter; eliminate option 4 because diameter is too large (50.8cm).The person cannot afford to spend more than £30.00, so eliminate option 3 because its price is higher than this (£38.10). We now have options 2 and 5 left to choose from. We can see that it is more economical to chose the 5th option to buy a pack of 6 rolls because the diameter and length of option 5 are both double that of option 2 (their widths are the same), but the price of option 5 for 6 rolls is less than double of that for option 2. Therefore, we would buy a pack of 6 rolls at the price given in the 5th row, which is £20.94.
After having some carpets fitted recently I was left with these five remnants.
I have stitched four of these pieces together to create a rectangular ‘patchwork’ mat whose length is twice its width.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
We can see that the only possible combination that uses 4 of the shapes and gives a shape that is twice as long as it is wide uses shapes W,X,Y and Z, so the answer is A.
There is no point to re-enactments of historical battles. Despite the meticulous attention to getting the uniforms right and the cannon smoke, the simulation of being there fails on every level: there is no real danger of death and you know what the outcome will be. It is merely an exercise in pageantry. In history-as-lived, the participants at Gettysburg did not know that the Confederates were not going to win, while in a scripted re-enactment everyone knows their role and destiny from the outset.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
You may initially think the answer is C because it is explicitly stated in the firsts sentence of the passage. However the text continues to explain why these re-enactments are pointless. This emphasised in the last sentence which compares a historic battle of un-anticipated events to a rehearsed re-enactment, suggesting this is the writer’s view and hence part of the argument’s main conclusion.
Crazy as it seems, it looks as if lead poisoning could be the major cause of the rise and fall of violent crime. Lead is so toxic that it is unsafe at any level and in Europe it has been banned from many products, including paint and petrol, since the 1990s. Lead poisoning in infancy, even at very low levels, impairs the development of those parts of the brain that regulate behaviour and mood. The effect is stronger in boys than in girls. Lead poisoning is associated with attention deficit disorder, impulsiveness, aggression and, some think, psychopathy. Studies between cities, states and nations show that the rise and fall in violent crime follows, with a roughly 20-year lag, the rise and fall in the exposure of infants to trace quantities of lead. Virtually all studies agree there is a strong correlation.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
The number one reason for people changing their jobs is to escape from ‘difficult people’, followed by seeking higher pay and promotion. In particular, many people cite a poor relationship with their boss as a reason for leaving. Typically, they’ll go to another job and find another difficult boss and the process continues. One of the areas that contributes to altercations with other people is the issue of unmet expectations. We easily see ourselves as being let down by the difficult person who fails to do what we expect them to. Very often these expectations are entirely in our own heads. We put the responsibility for knowing our expectations onto the difficult person and then blame them when they disappoint us. If only people worked towards having honest conversations with difficult people, staff turnover might decrease.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The argument states: ‘If only people worked towards having honest conversations with difficult people…’, in which case we must assume that these ‘honest conversations’ are not taking place at the ,moment. This is highlighted in answer C.
A company is producing a one-page flysheet 24 cm high by 18 cm wide. It will have a text area in the centre which has a margin of the same width all the way around. The text must occupy exactly half of the total area:
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
Total area = 24×18. Area of the text area or the margin area (since it is split into two halves in terms of area) = (24×18)/2 = 216cm^2. If we work through the answer options, we can see that with a margin of 3cm, we would end up with (3×18)x2 = 108 for the top and bottom and for the two sides – (3x(24-6))x2 =108 so the margin area is 216cm i.e. half of the paper, which means that the text area occupies the remaining half. Hence, the answer must be A.
Daria and her three friends are planning a trip to London to see a musical in the West End. Ticket prices vary according to the location of seats in the theatre. Monday to Friday, Balcony seats are £78.20 per person; seats in the Dress Circle cost £95.50 per person; seats in the Grand Circle £88.99 per person; and seats in the Orchestra Stalls £82.00 per person.
At the weekend (Saturday and Sunday), Balcony seats are £81.35 per person, seats in the Dress Circle cost £99.99 per person; seats in the Grand Circle £93.20 per person; and seats in the Orchestra Stalls £86.00 per person.
The theatre also sells Boxes which seat four people and cost £320.00 in total. A special offer of 15% off group booking for four or more people is available on seats in the Dress Circle.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
First, we can see that the box costs 320/4 = £80 per person. Therefore, we can rule out any option that costs greater than £80 straightaway. This means that we can rule out Grand Circle and Orchestra seats at any time of the week. We cannot rule out Dress Circle seats straight away because of the 15% discount, however we can also see that Balcony seats (£78.20 on weekdays) cost less than the box seat (£80) per person so the current lowest value seats are the balcony seats. When we consider the Dress circle seat discount, we can see that if we use the lower value Weekday price of £95.50, even then the 15% discount is unlikely to reduce the price to below £78.20 (to save time we can avoid actually calculating the value and simply estimate, i.e. if we round £95.50 to 100, then we can see that a 15% discount will reduce it to £85 nearly £8 more than the balcony tickets). Therefore the cheapest tickets are the Balcony seats, so the correct answer is A.
Water was poured into five containers at a steady rate until each was full. A graph of the depth of water (h) in the container against time (t) was sketched for each container. One of the graphs has been lost.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
For diagram A, height would initially increase with time at a constant rate, then at a faster rate when it gets to the open trapezium-like shape, from when the rate of height increase with time will decrease, ending at the original rate, which is shown by the second graph. For diagram B, the rate of increase in height would initially decrease at it gets to the centre of the circle, then the rate would increase until it gets to the two vertical lines, when it’s rate of increase in height with time would be at it’s highest and would remain constant, which is shown by the fourth graph. For C, the rate of increase in height would remain constant throughout, which is shown by the first graph. For E, the rate would initially be constant, before instantaneously switching to a higher rate, shown by the third graph. For D, the rate would for the most part be constant, then increase, before again remaining constant but at a higher rate, which is not shown by any of the graphs.
Some public institutions, such as the central bank and the constitutional court in many countries, are nominally independent but are actually captive to political interests. Their leading officials are appointed by the government and these appointments are always the result of political power games. Moreover, it is fundamentally undemocratic to delegate too much power to people who have not been popularly elected. Therefore, in order to ensure the real independence and the democratic nature of these institutions, the most prominent public officials should be elected in general elections.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
Answer A weakens the argument given in the final sentence of the passage because it suggest that electing ‘the most prominent public officials’ does not necessarily ‘ensure the real independence and the democratic nature of these institutions’.
When it comes to genius, the only possibilities are that it is something innate in people, or it is something to do with their upbringing. It is hard to imagine how simply bringing someone up in a certain way would be enough to turn them into a Mozart or a Shakespeare or an Einstein. Mozart after all was writing complex music as a young child; it is difficult to explain how environment could have had such a significant influence by the age of five. It must therefore be the case that genius is something that is wholly innate.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The overall argument of the passage is emphasised in the final sentence ‘that genius is something that is wholly innate’ because is it is difficult to explain how upbringing could lead to a genius. However, the writer does not consider a third possible scenario, in which ‘genius’ both partially innate and partially influenced by the environment. Hence C is the flaw. A is not a flaw because it only uses a young age in an example, but is not part of the argument. There is nothing said in the passage which indicate B. Interpreting the term ‘genius’ differently would not cause the argument to collapse, so eliminate D. You may be tempted by E because of the second sentence in the passage, but after the semi-colon it explains further that ‘ it is difficult to explain how environment could have had such a significant influence’, so the point made by the writer does not wholly relay on something being hard to imagine, so E is also not a flaw.
The government’s decision to withdraw housing benefit from those living in council accommodation which has a spare bedroom has been a complete failure. It has failed to bring in sufficient savings to the government and has brought hardship to those affected by the cut. The government should focus less on punishing certain people to make savings and more on implementing affordable universal childcare, which would allow many more people into the workplace and able to pay taxes.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
The last sentence of the passage gives the overall conclusion, which is shown by D. The first two sentences help provide reasoning and support for the conclusion. A and B provide support to the conclusion. C can be inferred by the fact that the writer’s ultimatum is supposed to benefit ‘more’ people, and therefore cannot be the conclusion. E is incorrect because the final sentence indicates that the government should implement more childcare, but does not suggest that this will help save money.
The payment systems which use pre-paid magnetic swipe cards are not all that wonderful. We had one put into the office last week to operate the tea and coffee dispensing machine. I was somewhat surprised to find, after having five coffees, that I had spent 121 p, and my colleague, after four teas, had spent 82 p. We were assured that there had been no changes in the prices; the problem appears to be that if you ask the machine how much you have left, it deducts a ‘service’ charge for this ‘service’. We both enquired once. Charges for tea, coffee and service are whole numbers.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
This question can appear quite challenging if you try to work out the minimum costs purely on the basis of the following equations (where C= coffee, T= tea and S= service charge) 5C + S = 121p 4T + S = 82p However, it becomes much easier if you recognise that all you have to do is work through the answer options and take away the assumed service charge from both 121p and 82p and check whether the resulting value is still divisible by 5 and 4, respectively, because all the charges are whole numbers as stated in the question. If more than 1 option worked, then you would simply select the smallest value as we are told to calculate the minimum value that the service charge could be. Using this, we can work from A. 1p and we can see that while 121-1= 120 is still divisible by 5, 82-1= 81 is not divisible by 4 so A is incorrect. B. 2p: 121-2 = 119p which is not divisible by 5 so B is also incorrect, similarly C and E are also incorrect. If we check option D, we can see that 121-6 = 115 is divisible by 5 and 82-6 = 76 is also divisible by 4, so D is the correct answer.
I have a square field which is exactly one hectare (100 m × 100 m). On Monday I was surprised to find 4 mushrooms growing in a 1m square formation, in the centre of my field. On Tuesday the group of mushrooms had expanded to 16, which were all 1 m apart.
When I looked at the group of mushrooms today (Wednesday), it had expanded to 36.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
Adding another square border of dots around the 36 mushrooms adds 2 mushrooms to each row, making the total square 8x8m (64 mushrooms). So the number of mushrooms ascends every other square number (2×2=4, 4×4=16, 6×6=36, 8×8=64, etc.). Because the field is 100x100m, and the number of mushrooms in each row increases by 2 each day, to find the answer: 100/2=50 days to fill the whole field from the very start. Because the mushrooms started to grow 2 days ago, subtract 2: 50-2= 48 days.
Bob, Eve, Nan, Pip and Viv took part in a 6-hour sponsored bowling marathon to raise money for charity. They were all sponsored per complete 100 points scored.
Bob was sponsored for a total of £63 per 100 points.
Eve was sponsored for a total of £56 per 100 points.
Nan was sponsored for a total of £72 per 100 points.
Pip was sponsored for a total of £54 per 100 points.
Viv was sponsored for a total of £68 per 100 points.
During the 6-hour marathon:
Pip scored 2,835 points.
Eve scored 2,782 points.
Bob scored 2,407 points.
Viv scored 2,293 points.
Nan scored 2,169 points.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
Watch out, the scored for each person are not given in the same order as the money sponsored for each person per 100 points. Complete 100 points scored for each person: P=2800, E=2700, B=2400, V=2200, N=2100. Calculations: P=54×28=1512, E=56×27=1512, B=63×24=1512, V=22×68=1496, N=21×72=1512. Viv raised a different amount.
Hospital food isn’t a joke. It’s a scandal. The list of meal options is ever longer, but there is nothing there that you would ever want to eat and nothing freshly cooked. These aren’t trivial issues. Because of this, over the past year people of all ages, but particularly the old, have faded away from lack of food. Despite being urged to eat, many simply won’t. Making sure patients who try to eat are actually nourished adequately is another problem. These days you need to be well-nourished before you enter hospital if you want to survive!
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
The passage does not mention better systems so eliminate A. Nor does it mention nurses or supplements, so eliminate B and C respectively. The passage has acknowledged the lack of patient nourishment but does not indicate that this isn’t being well monitored already, so eliminate E. This leaves D, which is heavily implied by the second sentence, that the food nobody ‘would ever want to eat’ and there is ‘nothing freshly cooked’ which suggests the food is currently unappealing. The following sentences emphasise that this problem needs to be addressed.
Political legitimacy, the moral right to use state power, can only be derived from the consent of the governed. So, in democracies that uphold this principle, regular elections are held to ensure that political power is legitimate. Therefore, in these cases, the more voters participate in elections, the more legitimate the democratic political system is.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The argument is that the more voters that participate in elections, the more legitimate (justified) the democratic political system is, because political legitimacy can only be derived from the consent of the governed. Therefore it is being indicated that the people who are being ‘governed’ that are voting in elections are doing so because they agree with the democratic political system. For this argument to be valid, we must assume that voting at elections implies consent to the political system as a whole, which is answer B. The remaining answer options are not assumptions, because if they were taken to be false the argument given in the passage would still hold.
High street stores should not be able to sell financial products, because consumers should not be misled into buying products they may not need by staff who do not understand what they are selling. Financial products require an understanding of financial services, and very few high street retailers have members of staff in store who can fully explain the benefits and disadvantages of the financial products being sold.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
The argument is that ‘High street stores should not be able to sell financial products’ because they are being mis-sold. A strengthens the argument because it gives evidence for high street stores already mis-selling financial products. C may weaken the argument, because it suggests that consumers are aware of how they are being sold financial products prior to buying them and are hence not being mis-sold them, eliminating C. B and D are irrelevant to the argument. E may weaken the argument by pointing blame on the consumer for their lack of awareness, excluding E.
Anna buys potatoes in the local market. She has noticed that the price on Saturday morning is 5 p per kilo more than the normal weekday price. However, an hour before the stall closes on a Saturday afternoon, the price drops to 5 p per kilo below the weekday price. She spends £3.00 a week on potatoes. This will buy her 3 kilos less in weight on a Saturday morning than on a weekday, but 5 kilos more in weight at the low Saturday afternoon price than on a weekday.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
Mike wants to buy a second-hand car that offers the lowest depreciation per mile. He is not worried about the model. His family insist that the car has 4 or 5 doors and an engine of at least 1.6 litres so that it can tow a caravan. Mike plans to keep the car until it has covered 100 000 miles and then sell it for £1,000. He scans the following price list from his local garage:
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
For this explanation, assume the models are numbered 1-12 from the top row to the bottom row. He needs 4 or 5 doors so eliminate all with less: eliminate 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9. He needs at least a 1.6L engine so eliminate all with less: eliminate 3, 8. Those remaining are 5, 10, 11 and 12. Then work out the car that has the lowest depreciation per mile, which is the 12, which is a Ford.
The population pyramid below shows the age and gender distribution of the residents in England and Wales in 2010.
England and Wales Population 2010
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
Looking at the 9th bar from the bottom and all bars above it, there are more females than males so A is true. Looking at the 8th bar and all the bars below it, there are more males than females so B is true. Looking at the top bar, doubling the number of males gives 835800, which is less than the value given for females so C is true. The 10th bar from the bottom is the longest for both males and females, so E must be true. Therefore D must not be true, because the least numerous age group excluding <1 is over 85s.
Many people criticise what they call ‘the younger generation’ for what their seniors regard as immoral behaviour. These critics need to realise that because the world has changed, moral standards have changed with it. In fact, technology is advancing so rapidly that it is only the young who understand the world in which they live. It is they, not their parents or grandparents, who should be setting moral standards. Anyone over the age of 25 cannot help but be blinded by what they learned in the past. Their education has prevented them from perceiving and responding to the demands of the modern day, and so their moral judgments have no validity.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The last two sentences state that the moral judgements of anyone over the age of 25 have no validity. The passage also says that ‘it is only the young who understand the world’. Therefore the conclusion is given by C. Answers A and E only form part of the argument leading to the conclusion. The first sentence of the passage implies the opposing view to answer D, so it cannot be the answer. B is stated in the second sentence and only forms part of the argument so is unlikely to be the conclusion.
In order for it to be possible to rain, clouds must be present. The weather forecast is predicting clear skies, so there is no chance of rain.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
For X(rain), there must be Y(clouds). There is no Y, so X cannot be. For B: X=solar eclipses, Y=new moon
It is time for prostitution to be legalised. It has been illegal for millennia, and yet it is still present in modern society. Clearly, its being illegal does not provide enough deterrent to prevent people from engaging in it. We are never going to eradicate prostitution, so we should give up trying, and legalise it. Money that is spent in prosecuting prostitutes and their clients could be better used elsewhere.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Because making prostitution illegal hasn’t affected people’s engagement in it, it should be legalised. B parallels this by saying because making murder illegal hasn’t affected people committing them, it should too be legalised.
The planet Melpomene has three moons, Othello, Hamlet and Romeo, each moving at a constant speed in the same direction in circular orbits.
Othello takes 20 days to complete one orbit of Melpomene, whereas Hamlet takes 45 days and Romeo takes 120 days.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
P
Medicmind Tutor
Sun, 02 Oct 2022 11:06:56
can u explain this please, I dont know how you get the answer
Aria
Medicmind Tutor
Sat, 15 Oct 2022 11:03:39
You could either calculate the LCM of all 3 numbers (360) and divide this by the HCF which is 5 to get 72 OR you could simplify the numbers by dividing all 3 by their HCF of 5 and then calculate the LCM of 4, 9 and 24 which gives a value of 72 days as well. I am not sure as to the reasoning behind this method working however it provides the correct answer and requires the position of the orbit at which all 3 moons align rather than the number of orbits at which all 3 align which would lead to 360 days. I hope this helps :)
One of the options available to purchasers of furniture from Home Help Superstore is to hire one of the store’s self-drive delivery vans. They have four models, with different capacities, which can be hired for either 4 hours or 1 day.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
You could use trial by error to answer this question, by using the number of miles given as an answer option and the 3rd ands 4th rows (counting from the bottom) of the table, as these are for the 12 m3 van . You would start with option A, 64 miles, because this is the smallest number of miles. For the 4 hour hire, 40 miles are included so subtract this from 64 to give 24 miles. This would cost the fixed price plus 30p per additonal mile: 47+(0.30×24)=£54.20. For the day hire, 120 miles are included, which is more than the 64 miles travelled, so you would only need to pay the fixed price of £63. However, the cost for the day hire is more than the 4 hour hire, so eliminate A. All of the answer options are less than 120 miles, so actually you only need to do calculations for the 4 hour hire because the day hire van would cost £63 each time. This method can be used to work through the answer options (from the smallest to the largest number of miles) until you get the cost of the day hire lower than the 4 hour hire. This is only achieved at 94 miles, answer E, as the cost for the 4 hour hire would be: 47+(0.30x(94-40))=47+(0.30×54)=47+16.2=£63.20, which is greater than the £63 cost for the whole day hire.
Rolls of a particular wallpaper have a repeating pattern every 60 cm of their length. Each roll is 10 m long and 50 cm wide. A wall 2.5 m high and 6.2 m wide is to be papered from ceiling to floor with single lengths of paper hung vertically (drops).
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
2016 S1 Review Screen
Instructions
Below is a summary of your answers. You can review your questions in three (3) different ways.
The buttons in the lower right-hand corner correspond to these choices:
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2. Review questions that are incomplete.
3. Review questions that are flagged for review. (Click the 'flag' icon to change the flag for review status.)
You may also click on a question number to link directly to its location in the exam.
2016 S1 Section
Final Answer Review Screen
Instructions
This review section allows you to view the answers you made and see whether they were correct or not. Each question accessed from this screen has an 'Explain Answer' button in the top left hand side. By clicking on this you will obtain an explanation as to the correct answer.
At the bottom of this screen you can choose to 'Review All' answers, 'Review Incorrect' answers or 'Review Flagged' answers. Alternatively you can go to specific questions by opening up any of the sub-tests below.
2016 S1 Section
TI-108
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