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TSA 2017 S1
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2017 S1
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This section is Section 1 of 3.
Speed as well as accuracy is important in this section. Work quickly, or you might not finish the paper. There are no penalties for incorrect responses, only marks for correct answers, so you should attempt all 50 questions. Each question is worth one mark.
You must complete the answers within the time limit. Calculators are NOT permitted.
Good Luck!
Note – if press “End Exam” you can access full worked solutions for all past paper questions
Leaders of enemy countries are often described by our own political leaders and by the media as “mad”. But some of the features that we associate with madness can be useful assets in a political leader. Self-absorption, obsession, addiction to risk-taking and frenzied creativity all apply to some leaders agreed to have been “great”, as well as to those described as “mad”. People without some of those characteristics would be unlikely either to seek power or to be successful. The label “mad” is cynically used as a way of dehumanising and discrediting leaders of countries with whom we are in dispute.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
The text argues that traits associated with political leaders, such as addiction to risk taking or self-absorption can simultaneously be associated with ‘great’ leaders or ‘mad’ leaders and that as a result whether one uses ‘great’ or ‘mad’ to describe any one leader depends on their own political views. As a result options A,B,C or D are all incorrect and the correct option is E, as the last sentence summarises that the use of the word ‘mad’ can often be used to discredit other opposing leaders and that it is hence a propaganda tool as a opposed to a genuine description
A café owner makes 50 mini pizzas and 50 flapjacks for sale during the day. The pizzas are sold for $2.00 each and the flapjacks are sold for $1.00 each. However, by the end of lunchtime there are 10 mini pizzas still unsold and 15 flapjacks unsold, so the price of each is halved for the afternoon. At the end of the day there are still 2 mini pizzas and 1 flapjack left which are given away free to the last customer.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
Sales until lunchtime: 40 mini pizzas – 40 x $2 = $80; 35 flapjacks – 35 x $1 = $35; total = $80+$35=115. After lunchtime reductions: Pizzas – 8x $1 = $8; Flapjacks – 14 x $0.5 = $7; total = $15. Total sales – production costs = profit. So ($115+ $15) – $30 = $100
The decline in voter turnout at elections is chiefly explained by the decline in voting by younger people. Older people are much more likely to vote. If this trend continues, we will reach a point at which no government can be said to have a mandate to govern as the number of voters will be too small to indicate the wishes of the majority. We need, therefore, to find an alternative to conventional elections so that the wishes of the people can be heard.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
This is a confusing question, I would approach it in the following way: first, find the main argument underlying the conclusion: If this trend continues, we will reach a point at which no government can be said to have a mandate to govern”. We need to find the answer option that expresses the flaw in this argument. This is option E: if people who are young now become more likely to vote as they get older, then there should not be considerable further decline, as there will be a continuous supply in previously-young people who didn’t vote who are now older and voting.
In today’s 24/7 media environment, public figures have the ability to influence the behaviour of millions of young people, for better and for worse. There are celebrities who don’t give in to social pressures and are in the news because of good deeds which have a positive influence on young people, such as giving to charity. However, there are others who glamorise destructive behaviour such as drinking, smoking, swearing and sexual promiscuity, giving young people the impression that this is socially acceptable or even desirable. Although many celebrities maintain that they do not wish to be regarded as role models, it seems that this attitude is not only unrealistic but also irresponsible, as their behaviour will undoubtedly be imitated.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The text essentially argues that celebrities have the ability to influence the behaviours of others, since their activities are highly publicised in today’s ‘24/7 media environment’. It goes on to state that despite the fact that they’re seen as role models, some celebrities act quite irresponsibly. This leads us to the conclusion and the correct answer option of B, as the final sentence argues that regardless of whether or not they are happy to be seen as role models, their behaviour will continue to influence others and it is ‘irresponsible’ for them to assume otherwise. Answer A is incorrect, as is D as the text does not mention the role of parents. E is also incorrect as the final sentence does state that such a viewpoint is unrealistic as the behaviours of celebrities ‘will undoubtedly be imitated’. C is also incorrect as the text makes no mention of such a possibility.
Over the years, many owners of businesses have appointed their sons to run the business when they retired or died. But this has been unfair to other workers in the company, some of whom were probably more talented and experienced than the boss’s son. It is highly unlikely that the son of the previous boss should happen to be the best candidate to take his place. The practice of favouring your own family when making senior appointments in industry and commerce should therefore be made illegal.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
This question is a little ambiguous, best approached by elimination. Looking at option A, if this was an assumption it would make the argument less viable, option C is there to confuse, but if you read carefully, whether that is true or not doesn’t underly the fundamental argument. Option D doesn’t reflect talent as well as experience, and option E also undermines the argument. Only option B fits, as the paragraph is arguing it is the the fact that favouring family *doesn’t* produce the best candidate that means this practice should be illegal, which itself assumes that the *best* candidate should be the head.
A picture 40 cm high by 30 cm wide is to be framed. There will be a mount between the edge of the picture and the frame. This mount will be 6 cm wide at the top and sides, and 9 cm wide at the bottom. The width of the wood used for the frame is 2 cm.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
40 cm for the height of the picture itself + 6 cm for the mount above the picture + 9 for the mount below the picture, finally + 4 cm for the 2cm width frame above and below, giving us 40+6+9+4 = 59cm for the overall height
Below is a summary of all the second-hand cars sold by Bargain Cars during 2012 and 2013:
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
For this question remember to read the question clearly as we only care about the 2013 row. As you follow along check if the value increases from one month to another. If it decreases then we can rule it out as the question is asking about the month with the largest increase in sales compared to the previous month, so we can easily rule out February and March for example. When the value increases compared to the previous month, for example from April to March, note down the increase e.g. an increase of 27 in April compared to March and compare any subsequent increases to this value. As no other increase is greater than 27, our answer is A, April.
Rosie needs to mow her lawn. She has just bought a new lawn mower, and believes she can mow at a rate of 2m² a minute. With her old mower, she could only mow the lawn at a rate of 1 m² a minute. Her lawn is 10m by 25m. There is a patio in one corner which is 2m by 3m and which she does not need to mow.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
The area of her lawn is (10 x 25) – (2 x 3) = 250 – 6 = 244m^2. As her previous mower would allow her to mow at a rate of 1m^2 per minute, she would complete the lawn in 244 mins. Her new one is twice as fast and will allow her to complete the lawn in half the time so 244/2 = 122mins. The difference between these two timings is 122mins (244-122) so the answer is A.
In the UK, most people open a bank account in their teenage years. There is then a tendency not to change banks: eleven per cent of bank customers are still with the bank their parents set them up with when they were a child and haven’t changed it since. This strongly suggests that, contrary to what most commentators say, people are not unhappy with the service that their banks provide.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
The conclusion of the paragraph is that most people are happy with their bank. Option A (if true) refutes this: if nearly 2/3 of customers have switched banks, this shows that *most* (ie over half) have, at least at some point, been unhappy with their bank.
The UK Department of Education is encouraging pupils aged 14 to 18 to learn poetry by heart in order to recite it at a new national competition. This government initiative is designed to boost the confidence of young people and increase their awareness of poetry. By taking part in this initiative and by reciting poetry, young people will improve their appreciation of poetry.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The second sentence in the text states that the initiative is designed to improve awareness of poetry by encouraging poetry recitation. However, in the final sentence it assumes that by reciting poetry, young people will also have an improved appreciation of poetry. In doing so it uses the terms awareness and appreciation almost interchangeably and assumes that an increase in awareness of poetry will naturally equal an increase in the appreciation of poetry. As a result, option A identifies a flaw within the argument as awareness is not the same appreciation.
Health clubs are booming. It is claimed that this must be a positive sign about modern society, in that people now appreciate that a healthy body is needed in order to sustain a healthy mind. But that claim is mistaken because what those optimistic conclusions fail to appreciate is people’s ability to deceive themselves. Surely if someone is really keen to stay fit they go jogging rather than join a health club? The health club phenomenon is just an example of how easily people can be swayed by marketing. They pay to jog on the spot when they could jog around the park for free. The vast majority of members barely use their health clubs and feel they are achieving something just by paying the fees.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
The answer to this question can be seen in the second/third sentence: “It is claimed that this must be a positive sign about modern society, in that people now appreciate that a healthy body is needed in order to sustain a healthy mind…But that claim is mistaken”. Option D summarises this claim. Regardless of what the writer writes about why people use health clubs, the fact remains that the conclusion of the argument is that memberships to health clubs cannot be used as a measurement of improvement in peoples’ health
Tasty Crisps are currently running a promotion in which there is one money-off coupon inside every packet. Some coupons are worth 19p, some are worth 12p and others are worth 7p.
My friend tells me that he has at least one of each value and his seven coupons have a total value of exactly £1.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
Since they have at least 1 of each coupon we can add up 19+12+7 = 38p. If we multiply this to get as close to £1 (after which point, we can slightly alter the number of each coupon to get exactly £1) we get 38 x 3 = 114p. This means that we can subtract 2 of the 3x 7p coupons to get the exact £1 total. As a result, we have 3x 19p coupons and therefore the answer is C.
The following table summarises the results of all the matches played last season in a football league. (The home team’s score is always given first.) Each team plays every other team in the league twice; once at home and once away.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
Not all of the teams are present in the options, so it is key to only check the scores for the teams that are present in the answer options. For each team you can scan the row quickly looking for zeros and looking at the first number only, as the score of the home team is always given first. Doing this you can see that all the teams (Amazon, Ganges, Nile, Rhine and Volga) score at least 1 goal as the home team. Next scan the column for each team, looking only at the second number as they are now the away team. As a result you can exclude options A,B,C,E giving you the correct answer of D, as the Rhine scores at least 1 goal in each match.
A tiler has encountered a problem when tiling a kitchen floor. He is one tile short of completing the job. This is indicated by the greyed-out area in the diagram below which shows part of the kitchen floor:
There are some odd pieces of tile left over that could be used to complete the job. Three of these, if combined, would fit the area exactly.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
Remember to take note of the fact that the tiles are shown face up and cannot be laid face down – so although you can rotate the shapes you cannot turn them over. Just a quick scan of the shapes shows us that shapes 1 and 2 pair well with each other but not with the other shapes as 2 has a protrusion in the centre, which tile 1 can accommodate unlike the other shapes. Therefore, any combinations with just 1 or just 2 are less likely to work. This alone allows us to rule out options B-E. However, it is important to still confirm this by attempting to visualise whether tiles 1,2 and 5 fit together to form the L shaped area and we can see that they do, leaving us with A as the correct answer.
Increasing attention is being paid to the environmental consequences of the plastic ‘single-use’ shopping bags provided to customers by supermarkets and other retailers. Not only does the production of these bags represent a wasteful use of natural resources, but there are also problems surrounding their disposal. For instance, the bags often end up as litter, and in the marine environment, they kill many animals that become entangled in them or mistake them for food. Numerous countries and individual cities have banned these bags, but experts on the environmental impacts of products warn that no perfect alternative exists. Whether using fabric or heavier plastic, manufacturing bags that are stronger and thus more reusable requires significantly greater quantities of natural resources than the vilified ‘single-use’ ones.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
The text refers to the negative environmental impact of producing and disposing plastic single use shopping bags and references an example of previous attempts to solve this issue by taking measures to ban the use of these products. The take-away part of the passage lies in the explanation for the effectiveness of this measure, showing that there is ‘no perfect alternative’ as the passage refers to the negative environmental impact of the alternative put into place. This shows us that there are pros and cons for either option and its necessary to consider all factors involved to determine a products environmental impact which lines up with option E. Option A, C and E are not mentioned throughout the passage so we can rule these out. Option B is incorrect as the text never mentions that the ban is ‘never’ an effective solution, be wary when an option includes ‘always’ or ‘never’ as these definite terms are usually won’t align with the passage.
Several cities around the world have introduced congestion charging schemes. Drivers are expected to pay a fee in order to drive inside the charging zone. In recent years, some schemes have offered discounts or entirely waived the charge for vehicles that cause less pollution. This is, however, an illogical and unfair policy that should not continue. Congestion is unaffected by emissions, and those cars that have low emissions still contribute to congestion. Those who cannot afford to buy a low-emission car are still expected to pay the charge even if the roads they drive on remain congested.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
The text refers to the relationship between a congestion charge and their car’s emissions and concludes that this is an unfair relationship to base congestion charges on, particularly on those who don’t drive a low-emission car. This would indicate there is a problem with using emission rates as a basis for congestion charge and thus the assumption we choose should explain why this is the case. Option A satisfies this argument by claiming the purpose of the congestion charge is to reduce congestion itself and therefore emissions are irrelevant in this argument. Remember to apply to negative test to confirm this answer, if the purpose of the congestion charge was something other than to reduce congestion (for option A), then the argument given has no basis, this way you can be sure that option A is the correct answer.
We live in an information-rich world where communication is quicker and easier than ever before. We don’t have to wait for journalists and photographers to report news to us. Anyone can talk about or take photographs of significant events and share them immediately. Traditional ways of reporting meant that news could be effectively censored, but this is no longer the case. Similarly, incorrect information cannot be removed from the public domain without great difficulty. Governments and the traditional media will therefore need to find new ways to cope with these challenges and adapt to new technology.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The argument given in the text is that with the new accessibility to publishing and viewing information the government needs to adapt to this for effective censorship, this would mean certain information should not be made publically available. We can rule out options A, B and D given they are not relevant to this argument. Option D would weaken the argument as this indicates it is possible and simple to maintain censorship, whilst option C strengthens the argument successfully by providing an example of how information can be made public without any trace back to the individual, therefore making it harder to prevent.
I am planning to repaint the walls and the ceiling of my dining room. The room has the shape of a rectangular box and is 8 m long, 4m wide and 3 m high. I do not need to paint the door and the three windows, the combined surface area of which is 10 m². Paint is sold in 8-litre tins and 1 litre of paint is sufficient for a surface area of 12m².
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
The room is essentially a cuboid, so there will be two of each type of ‘face’. However, they are planning on painting the walls and the ceiling so remember to exclude the floor. As a result, the complete area of the room is given by 1(8×4) + 2(8×3) + 2(3×4) = 32 + 48 + 24 = 104m^2. Remember to take away the 10m^2 for the windows and doors which do not need to be painted, giving us a total area of 94. 12 goes into 94 more than 7 times but less than 8 times (7 remainder 10) so we need to round up to 8 litres. As paint is sold in 8 litre tins, 1 tin is sufficient. To save time in this question remember that we don’t need to accurately calculate 94/12 to the last decimal point as we will be rounding the value up at the end anyways. Also remember to read and underline key points in the question as you are reading so that you don’t forget to exclude the area for the floor, for example.
The heptathlon is a seven-event athletics competition. In each event the time or distance recorded is converted into a points score. This is the scoring table that is used for the high jump:
Daphne is competing in a heptathlon competition and has just beaten her previous best high jump performance by 18 cm. This has increased her best points score in the high jump by 214.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
This question is asking you to identify a high jump score that is both 18cm lower and 214 points lower than one of the options given. Option C, 1.74m would mean her old PB was 1.56m (1.74 – 0.18) and the difference in points here is 214 (903 – 689). Save time in this question by scanning through each option and quickly ruling out any that don’t result in a score increase of over 200, rather than fully calculating every option.
After the financial crash there were fewer new car registrations in the UK in 2012 than there were in 2007. The monthly figures for new car registrations for both years are given in the table below.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
The question asks you to select the correct chart summarising the differences between the monthly figures. To do this question properly and without a calculator will take more time than you should be spending on any one question, so in the interests of time you need to find a better way to approach the question. Just a quick scan of the charts shows that the highest values are usually for the March and September months, so we can quickly calculate the monthly difference for these months: for March we get 80 (445-365= 80) whereas for September we get 60 (420-360 = 60) so we can see that the value for March is greater than the one for September allowing us to rule out A,C and E. To select between B and D we need to confirm using another value that differs between the two charts. For example, we can see that the value for January is almost half of the value for March in chart D but less than a 1/3 of the value for March in B. If we estimate the value for January, we get (160-125= 35) this is much closer to being a half of 80 than a 1/3 so we can select D as the correct option. Timing tip – try to estimate and round up values where possible, for example here we don’t need to worry about the exact numbers so it’s much better to round up or down.
Anyone who lends money to anyone else without a licence is committing an offence under UK law. Some unlicensed money lenders charge excessive rates of interest, and many use threats and violence to enforce payment. It is important to protect poor and vulnerable people from being exploited in this way. So anyone convicted of this offence should be sent to prison.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The argument this text presents is that unlicensed money lenders should be punished heavily on the basis that they charge high interest rates and use violence and threats in their business. However this is a broad generalisation of unlicensed money lenders and is assuming this applies to all of them. This assumption is unproven and lacks evidence therefore option B is an appropriate flaw as this aligns with the concept of generalising unlicensed money lenders incorrectly. Option A,C and D are not relevant to the strength of the argument being made. Option E is conflicting with a point made in the passage and therefore cannot be taken as a flaw, and is instead a counter argument, therefore it is not an appropriate answer to this question.
Either young people are getting cleverer each year or examinations are becoming easier for students to pass. Since there is very little evidence from IQ testing and other supposed benchmarks that young people are more intelligent now than in the past, we must conclude that the examination system is easier for students today than it was in the past.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The reasoning is as follows: we state there are only two possible explanations. We provide evidence to refute one of these options (that young people are getting cleverer) and therefore we are forced to accept the second conclusion. This is directly paralleled by option C: we state there are only two possible explanations (categories), we state that one of these is not possible, and therefore we conclude the second explanation must be correct.
A huge number of people have taken up cycling in recent years, and this is a welcome development. But if cycling helmets were made compulsory, it would deter people from cycling. There is risk in everything. And there is also such a thing as personal responsibility. It is not the role of the government to stop people from harming themselves. Forcing cyclists to wear helmets is undue state interference in personal choices.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The principle of the argument is that there is risk in everything, and the government should not unduly interefere in personal choices. This principle is mirrored by option B: recreational drugs should be legalised, as the fact that they are legally controlled by the government could be considered undue interference in personal choices, given there is risk in everything. Option A isn’t correct as the principle isn’t rooted in cost, it’s rooted in personal responsibility and freedom. Option C is irrelevant to the conclusion of the argument, and options D and E directly oppose the principle, as they argue for more government involvement.
A laboratory technician has made up a stock mixture of two chemicals, X and Y, ready for use by all of the groups in Year 9 at a High School. He has mixed 6.0 kg which is ¼ of X and ¾ of Y. He realises that he has used the wrong mix and, rather than waste the chemicals he has used so far, he is going to add some more of chemical X so that the mix consists of 40% of X and 60% of Y.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Given that ¼ of the 6kg mix is X and ¾ is Y, this means that the mix consists of 1.5kg X and 4.5 kg of Y. as the technician will only add X to the mixture to correct the mix, this means that the amount of Y will remain unchanged. Hence 4.5kg of Y = 60% of the final mixture. As the ratio of the chemicals X and Y in the final mix is 40:60 which can be simplified to 2:3, we can work out the amount of X in the final mix with (4.5kg/3)x2 = 3kg. since we already have 1.5kg of X we need to add a further 1.5kg of the chemical, giving us the answer of B.
Five friends wanted to go on holiday together, but they found it difficult to decide where to go. Jo and Mel both wanted to go to Portugal, with France as their second choice. Kim wanted to go to Majorca, while Lexy’s first choice was Greece and Naz’s was Tenerife. Naz and Kim both put France as their second choice, while Lexy gave it as her third choice, preferring Tenerife as her second choice. Kim and Mel put Tenerife as their third choice. Jo’s third choice was Greece, and Naz’s was Majorca.
They agreed to allocate three points for a 1st choice, two points for a 2nd choice and one point for a 3rd choice. The friends decided that they would not go anywhere which was not someone’s first choice.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
The fastest way to approach this question is to create a table and jot down each persons 1st 2nd and 3rd choices as you read the text as this saves you from constantly having to scan through the text to calculate the points allocated to each place. Once we have the table, we can clearly see that France doesn’t end up as any individual’s first choice, so we can rule out A. For the other locations we can calculate the points allocated: Portugal = 3+3=6; Majorca = 3+1=4; Greece = 3+1=4; Tenerife = 3+2+1+1=7. Therefore, as Tenerife ends up with the largest number of points, the answer is E.
The following net is folded up to make a cube.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
This is a very difficult question to explain without visualisation. I would recommend drawing your best 3D cube, maybe expanding the faces separated from each other so you can visualise all six sides at one. Carefully then work out what each line from the net would sit on the 3D cube, and cross out any corners that meet with just a two-line intersection. This will be 4 (option C). Alternatively you could draw the cube from a few different perspectives to visualise how all the sides interact with each other.
The Human Rights Act (HRA) should apply to soldiers in the UK and at their overseas bases but not to those fighting in the heat of battle. The concern is that the HRA could damage the effectiveness of the armed forces. Commanders making split-second decisions in battle may be paralysed by fear that those decisions will become the subject of legal actions.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
It is important to note that the question is asking for the conclusion, not the argument. The conclusion is stated in the opening sentence: The Human Rights Act (HRA) should apply to soldiers in the UK and at their overseas bases but not to those fighting in the heat of battle. ” Thus, option A is the correct answer. Options B, D and E only apply to the reasoning, not the conclusion. Option C opposes the conclusion.
Increased wealth in many regions and an ever-growing population have produced an unprecedented demand for fish. This increased demand is occurring at a time when over 70% of the world’s marine fish stocks are now overfished or already fished at full capacity. One possible solution is the continued expansion of aquaculture, a long-standing means of farming fish for human consumption. Controls must be put into place, however, to manage the potential environmental risks associated with fish farming, such as water pollution and transmission of disease to adjacent wild fish populations. Moreover, the aquaculture sector has yet to devise effective methods for rearing some commercially popular predator species, such as tuna, without having to feed them wild-caught fish, which contributes to the pressure on our oceans.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
“Aquaculture is a potential solution for increased fish demand if they can find a way to capture commercially popular fish” << main ideas summarised. A – The passage doesn’t talk about the comparison between fresh and marine fish. B – This is the opposite of what the question is trying to say. C – The extract doesn’t talk about alternatives to fish. D – Matches one of the main ideas (rear predator). E – This isn’t the main idea of the extract.
A daily dose of chocolate could be the key to preventing Alzheimer’s disease, according to recent research. Blood flow to the brain was boosted and memory improved among volunteers who drank two cups of hot chocolate a day over a thirty day period. They were tested for memory and thinking skills, and ultrasound measured the blood flow to the brain. Participants showed an average 8.3% improvement in blood flow and memory scores improved, with recall times falling from 167 to 116 seconds on average. The study suggests that drinking hot chocolate regularly could help keep the brain healthy.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
The paragraph states that a daily dose of chocolate could be the key to preventing Alzheimer’s Disease, but the argument is built from data relating to memory, blood flow and thinking skills. Thus the inherent assumption is that by improving memory, blood flow and thinking skills (ie general brain function), Alzheimer’s could be prevented.
There are two ways of scoring points in a ball game: a ‘major’ scores 5 points and a ‘minor’ scores 3 points.
In a match played yesterday, the Reds beat the Blues 77–52 despite the fact that the Blues scored exactly twice as many majors as minors, whilst the Reds scored exactly half as many majors as minors.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
Since the Blues score twice as many majors as minors, this translates into the following ratio 2(Major):1(Minor) = 2(5):1(3) = 10:3 which means that there are 13 ‘units’. If we divide their score of 52 by 13 we get 4 i.e. 4 lots of those 13 units. This gives us 4x 2(Majors): 4x 1(Minors) and therefore 4×2=8 majors for the Blues. For the reds the ratio is the inverse: 1(Major):2(Minor) = 1(5):2(3) = 5:6 = 11 units. 77/11=7 so we have 7x 1(Majors): 7x 2(Minors). So, they scored 7 majors. Overall, this gives us 8+7=15 majors in total, so the answer is C.
The following ingredient and nutrition information (rounded to the nearest 0.1 g or 1kcal) appears on a 300g packet of oatcakes.
Each oatcake provides:
Ingredients: oatmeal (77%), vegetable oils, wheat flour, sugar, salt, raising agent: sodium hydrogen carbonate.
Typical values per 100g: energy 1792kJ, 427kcal; protein 10.7g; carbohydrate 56.45g of which sugars 2.4g, starch 53.7g; fat 17.6g of which saturates 5.0g, mono-unsaturates 7.9g, polyunsaturates 4.5g; fibre 8.9g; salt 1.4g of which sodium 0.6g.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
We’ve been given the nutritional information for 1 oatcake and the values per 100g, and we want to figure out the number of oatcakes in a 300g packet. Key fact to remember is that the values have been rounded slightly, which is more likely to affect the smaller quantities (e.g. 1.4g of salt) so it is better to use the larger quantities if possible. For example, looking at the energy in kcal, we can see that there are approx. 8 in 100g (427/53 = 8 remainder 3). The remainder is probably a result of the fact that the values have all been rounded slightly so we can easily ignore it. And this means that there are 8×3= 24 in a 300g packet. So the answer is D. if we use the other values to confirm this, we can see that you similarly get 24 for the fat, saturated fat and sugars, but you actually get 21 if you use the values for salt. As mentioned before, this is due to the effect of rounding as you can see that when you carry out 1.4/0.2 you get 7, implying 7 oatcakes in 100g, but actually if there are 8 oatcakes, then the salt per oatcake will be 1.4/8 = 0.175g, which would also get rounded up to 0.2 to the nearest 0.1g as well.
Instructions were given to shade 5 particular squares on a grid of 16 squares. One student shaded in the squares as instructed, but the other four got exactly 1 square wrong.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
To answer this question we need to compare two grids at a time. If the grids differ by 1 square only, then it is possible that one of them is correct and if they differ by more than one square, then neither are correct. The correct grid will differ from each of the other grids by only one square. Hence if we compare A with C we can see that they differ by 2 squares – so neither can be correct. Same is true for when we compare B and C as well as D and C. so we can rule out options A, B, C and D, giving us the right answer of E. Just to confirm, we can check and see that E only differs by 1 square when compared to each of the others, hence it’s the correct grid
Couples who have more than two children are being ‘irresponsible’ by creating an unbearable burden on the environment, the government’s Sustainable Development adviser has warned. The adviser says that curbing population growth through contraception must be at the heart of policies to fight global warming. Political leaders and ‘green’ campaigners should stop dodging the issue of environmental harm caused by an expanding population. Each baby born in the UK will, during his or her lifetime, burn carbon roughly equivalent to 2½ acres of woodland – an area the size of Trafalgar Square. The UK population, now 62 million, will exceed 70 million by 2028. On average, women born outside the UK have 2.5 children compared with 1.7 for those born in the UK. The global population of 7 billion is expected to rise to 9.2 billion by 2050. Governments of both developed and developing nations must act to limit family size if they are serious about reducing energy consumption.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
Irresponsible sexual interactions lead to an increased number of children. << Main idea. A – This is not a main conclusion. B – The carbon footprint is only briefly mentioned and is not the main point. C – This is a main point as its mentioned several times through “contraception” and “irresponsibility”. D -This is not mentioned. E – The increased number of children is the issue not the decreased number.
Television has had an adverse effect on family communication. Why? Because instead of talking together, as they did in the past, families now tend to sit round the small, or not-so-small, screen. They watch and listen rather than discuss. They are passive rather than active. Instead of participating, they are content to be entertained. Consequently, television dampens people’s ability to think for themselves.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The main point is about family communication but the conclusion is about people’s ability to think for themselves. Therefore B is correct.
We need to change science lessons so that they give children a correct view of modern science. Children are often taught in science lessons that matter can exist in three different states – solid, liquid and gas. However, developments in science suggest that this is far too simple a picture. Increased knowledge of the universe has shown that many other states of matter exist, for example, plasma and liquid crystal. Plasma is thought to be the state of 99% of matter in the universe, so the traditional states of matter are in a very small minority. So the traditional view is giving children a false, indeed unscientific, view of the universe.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
The conclusion is the opening statement: we need to change science lessons so they give children a correct view of modern science. The argument underlying this demonstrates that this is because what is currently taught is incorrect. Thus E expresses the conclusion. With questions like this you have to be careful to identify what the conclusion of the paragraph is – it is not always the final sentence! Once you have identified this, working out the question becomes a lot simpler.
Fergus Castle is a tourist attraction on a small island off the coast of the mainland. A ferry service runs between the mainland and the island, and takes 40 minutes to make a single journey in either direction. There is a turnaround time of 5 minutes at the end of each single journey. Each day, ferries leave the mainland every 20 minutes, at 5, 25 and 45 minutes past each hour, starting at 09:05. Ferries leave the island at 15, 35 and 55 minutes past each hour, starting at 09:15.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The first ferry (Ferry A) that leaves the mainland at 09.05 will take 40 minutes to travel to the island, followed by the 5 minute turnaround time at the end of the journey, so it will be ready to make the journey back from the island by 09.50, which means that it can do the 09.55 departure from the island. It will take a further 45 minutes before it returns to the mainland and is ready to make the next journey, meaning that it will be ready by 10.40 and can take the 10.45 departure from the mainland. In the meantime, 4 other ferries will have to leave the mainland for the 09.25, 09.45, 10.05, 10.25 departures, as the initial ferry (Ferry A) would be partway through its journey and therefore unable to make these departure times. Therefore at least 5 ferries are required. If we consider the departures from the island that occur prior to the 9.55 departure that Ferry A will complete (so the 09.15 and 09.35 departures that leave the island) we realise that two additional ferries are not required for these, as the 09.15 island departure will be able to return to the mainland by 09.55 and after its 5 minute turn around, it will be ready for the 10.05 departure from the mainland, hence, it’s the same ferry as 10.05 mainland departure. Similarly, the 09.35 departure from the island can make 10.25 mainland departure, so an additional ferry is not required and therefore the minimum number of boats required is 5 and the correct answer is C. It is not necessary to consider later time points as this pattern will continue.
The table below shows the numbers of pupils and teachers in all UK schools in 2003:
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
Although this question appears quite difficult at first, approaching it methodically will make it much easier to approach. Remember that we only need to consider the regions present in the answer options, so ignore all other regions. Starting with England Midlands, we can calculate the approximate pupil to teacher ratio. Given the time constraints its useful to round the values to ones that are easier to work with e.g. 1600:80 rather than 1613:88. This gives us a ratio of 20:1 for England Midlands. Applying the same approach to the other options gives us: England South = 2160:120 = 18:1; Wales = 500:25 =20:1; Scotland = 900:60 = 15:1; Northern Ireland = 340:20 = 17:1. Therefore we can see that Scotland has the lowest ratio and therefore the correct answer is D.
When a mixed doubles tournament is held at my tennis club, partners are chosen by the following method.
The appropriate number of tokens, all with a different shape, are placed into a box, and the male participants all pick one out. Each token has an identical ‘twin’ in a second box, from which the female participants all select one. Each pair of identical tokens fit together to make a complete disc. Couples with identical tokens partner each other in the tournament.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
If you draw the token and turn it 180 degrees the token you draw should fit into the original one in the option. C doesn’t fit therefore its the correct option.
A pioneering scheme started two years ago in Cambridgeshire assigns an individual caseworker to the most vulnerable homeless people. The caseworker helps the homeless person navigate through the health, justice and housing systems until his or her life improves. It has already shown that an average of £1000 a month per homeless person has been saved – money that would otherwise have been spent on providing emergency support.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
The paragraph shows that assigning a caseworker to individual homeless people will prevent them from having to access emergency support and will improve their living situations. Thus it is appropriate to draw the conclusion that we should assign caseworkers to individual homeless people. Option D also appears correct, but this would be more appropriate as further evidence to support the use of individual caseworkers.
Government advice on alcohol drinking limits is based on studies carried out twenty-five years ago. It has often been expressed in terms of a maximum number of units per day. But advising people about a daily rate implies that drinking alcohol every day is acceptable, when up-to-date research suggests that the body needs more ‘recovery time’ than one day. Health promotion advice should avoid being so simple that it inadvertently encourages unhealthy behaviour. Better to have more complex messages than simple messages which promote unhealthy behaviour.
Explanation
The correct answer is E.
Simple advertising send the wrong messages so complex advertising should be used for the right message. A – The research is only one piece of evidence and is not an assumption. B – It is not talking talking about it being a common practice but rather regulatory. C – Its not about the frequency of people following these messages. D – The government already revises these guidelines this isn’t the issue. E – the extract is advocating for complex messaging assuming people understand it so this is the correct option.
Studies of fossilised remains indicate that, every 20 to 30 million years, life on Earth experiences a sudden and mass extinction of all or most of its dominant species. Yet, in each case, within some 5 to 10 million years the diversity of species on the planet is as great, if not greater, than it had been previously, since the demise of the dominant species allows more minority species to flourish. Whatever disasters we may wreak on the planet, life in the long term will not only survive but actually increase in richness and diversity.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
Life increases in richness and diversity in the long term after disasters. If this consequence is not known that weakens the argment. A is the correct option.
Joan has a cat called Tibber.
Every day Tibber is fed 2 sachets of wet food and 25 grams of dry food.
For some time, Joan has bought the cat food from the local pet shop where one box of 12 sachets costs £12.00 and one 400 gram packet of dry food costs £4.00.
Joan has now decided to buy all of the cat food from an online distributor.
Four boxes, each of 24 sachets of wet food, will cost £62.40, and one 2 kilogram packet of dry food will cost £16.00.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
Costs (per day) using local pet shop:
Cost for two sachets of wet food: £12/6 = £2
Cost for 25 grams of dry food: 16 lots of 25 grams in a 400 gram packet, so the cost is £4/16=25p
Total= £2.25
Costs (per day) using online distributor:
Cost for two sachets of wet food: £62.40/4 = £15.60 per box and therefore £15.60/12= £1.30 for 2 sachets
Cost for 25 grams of dry food: 80 lots of 25 grams in a 2kg packet, so £16/80= 20p
Total= £1.50
Difference = 75p and the correct answer is B.
A particular computer game involves the capturing of three types of mythical creatures: Arps, Orps and Urps.
Arps have 6 legs, 3 horns and a tail.
Orps have 4 legs and 2 horns, but no tail.
Urps have 3 legs and a tail, but no horns.
The last time Billy played this game he captured 45 creatures with a total of 222 legs, 99 horns and 33 tails.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
For these types of questions, you need to work through it step by step and identify the pieces of information that will be easiest to work with first. As a result, the first thing to notice is that only Arps and Urps have tails, and importantly they both have 1 tail each. This means that as we have 33 tails in total, the number of Arps and Urps added together will give us 33 as well. The only creatures remaining are the Orps, so if we take 33 away from the total number of creatures captured, we can calculate the number of Orps to be 45-33 = 12. Since only Arps and Orps have horns we can now calculate the number of Arps. The 12 Orps contribute 2×12 = 24 horns, so the remaining horns (99-24=75) belong to the Arps, which have 3 horns each. Hence, we have 75/3=25 Arps. Finally, now that we have calculated the number of Arps and Orps we can subtract it from the total number of creatures captured to find the number of Urps, 45-12-25=8. Hence the correct answer is A.
The drawing below shows an ‘L’ shaped box.
Explanation
The correct answer is A.
Net A cannot form the L-shaped box because if you, for example, fold along the left and right vertical dotted lines so the two L-shaped faces are parallel to each other, the upper left square on the diagram of the net would overlap with the lower part of the L-shaped face on the right in the net diagram. This would leave a gap in the position of the lower square face (the rightmost square face in the diagram of the box given in the question). All the other nets will from the box when folded.
In the 1990s, there were two lines of argument against buying properties to let them out instead of living in them yourselves. One was the moral argument that you were driving the boom for your own profit and making houses unaffordable for everyone else; the other was the practical argument that houses were a risky investment. Despite these objections, the buy-to-let market continued to grow and now, twenty years later, the result is that the housing market is totally inaccessible to most of a generation. Rents in London have gone up eight times faster than wages. Plainly, no social good will come of this. Rents will continue to rise, and people who live in London will see their finances become more and more precarious.
Explanation
The correct answer is C.
The passage focuses on the negative implications of buy-to-let on people. The phrase ‘no social good will come of this’ in the penultimate sentence is preceded by the word ‘Plainly’, which shows that the writer wants to highlight this as the main point of the argument.
When either freedom of speech or freedom of assembly is present in society, democratic government inevitably results. If you live under a dictatorship, you must therefore lack both of these key liberties.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The passage implies that if you have either F (freedom of speech) or G (freedom of assembly) then you get H (democratic government). So if you have I (live in a dictatorship) then you lack both F and G. Answer B is the only one that parallels this: if you have either F (light) or G (heat) then you get H (decrease in energy). So if you have I (constant energy) then you lack both F and G.
In a situation where every course of action is immoral, there still remains the ability to act for the greatest good for the greatest number. Therefore, the outsiders ought to be eliminated at the least possible cost and with the least possible delay. I am sorry to arrive at that conclusion, but it is the right step.
Explanation
The correct answer is B.
The main principle is stated in the first sentence ‘to act for the greatest good for the greatest number’. The second sentence begins with ‘Therefore’ followed by a conclusion, which suggests the main principle has already been given prior to this sentence (in the first sentence of the passage, which corresponds only to answer B).
Each word in a word game is scored by adding up the values of its letters. Each letter has the same value whenever it appears but different letters have different values. I know the word values for TEAR, RITE, TREE and RAT, but none of the letter values.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
Given that we know the word values for TEAR and RAT, we can subtract the value for RAT from TEAR to give us the letter value for E. We can then subtract the letter value of E from TREE twice, which gives us the value for T+R, which we can subtract from RAT to give us the letter value for A. We can also subtract the values for T+R and the letter value of E from RITE to calculate the letter value of I. Therefore, in total, we can calculate the letter values for E, A and I, so the answer is D.
Nathan lives in London. His older brother Mark lives in San Diego, his younger brother Ben lives in Barcelona and his sister Isabel lives in Nairobi. Nathan is trying to arrange an online call between all four siblings. Each of the siblings has agreed to be available between 08:00 and 20:00 local time.
San Diego is 8 hours behind London time.
Barcelona is 1 hour ahead of London time.
Nairobi is 2 hours ahead of London time.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
This question becomes much each to approach if you create a timeline and mark in the times that each sibling is able to be online in terms of London time. It then becomes clear that the first time point at which 3 siblings are available at the same time is 8.00am (London time) and this continues until 7.00pm, after which only Nathan and Mark are online. Therefore, the correct answer is D, 11 hours.
Marina purchased a pair of L-shaped tables thinking that they would add an unusual touch to her conference room.
Explanation
The correct answer is D.
D is an impossible arrangement as for this to possible, one of the tables would have to be turned upside down. All other combinations are possible by moving the tables (upright) around into different positions.
2017 S1 Review Screen
Instructions
Below is a summary of your answers. You can review your questions in three (3) different ways.
The buttons in the lower right-hand corner correspond to these choices:
1. Review all of your questions and answers.
2. Review questions that are incomplete.
3. Review questions that are flagged for review. (Click the 'flag' icon to change the flag for review status.)
You may also click on a question number to link directly to its location in the exam.
2017 S1 Section
Final Answer Review Screen
Instructions
This review section allows you to view the answers you made and see whether they were correct or not. Each question accessed from this screen has an 'Explain Answer' button in the top left hand side. By clicking on this you will obtain an explanation as to the correct answer.
At the bottom of this screen you can choose to 'Review All' answers, 'Review Incorrect' answers or 'Review Flagged' answers. Alternatively you can go to specific questions by opening up any of the sub-tests below.
2017 S1 Section
TI-108
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