BMAT 2018-S1

Riverside Walk is a popular walking path, 3.2 kilometres long, beside the River Bee. There is a seat situated at each end of the path and also every 400 metres in between. There are two litter bins just next to every seat and one litter bin every 100 metres between each seat and the next.

In the UK in the 1990s, there was an outbreak of the brain disease vCJD, which was caused  by eating beef from cattle infected with the disease BSE. The type of meat thought to be infected was taken out of the food chain in 1989, and cases of vCJD have been declining since 2000. Susceptibility to vCJD is associated with two variants in a gene: M and V. We can inherit three possible combinations: MM, MV and VV. Until last year, all 177 people diagnosed with the disease in the UK had the MM combination. Recently, someone who had the MV combination has  died of the disease. In the UK, 38% of people have the MM combination and 51% have the MV combination.

Five employees swipe a card every time they enter or leave the office. The times for Thursday are shown in the table below.

As part of a performance review, the manager observed the activity in the office between 10:00 and 12:00.

The UK government has recently announced its plan to cut funding to state nurseries. This would be a terrible mistake as high-quality nursery education is crucial. My child blossomed at a state nursery – we cannot let these places lower their standards, or even close. I was more than happy to move my child to the state nursery from a private nursery when she became eligible. Six months later, I would say that that our experience of her new nursery has been outstanding. For this reason, a professionally run state nursery should sit at the heart of every community and it should not be affected by financial restrictions.

The table shows the average usage, in minutes per day, of five different mobile phone functions, for each of five friends.

When the development of the internet enabled ordinary people to have free, easy access to information, it seemed as though a great breakthrough had been made in empowering people. The subsequent development of social media made it possible for people to share opinions and quickly organise protests against ruling governments. These two technological developments seemed a healthy way forward for democracy. But now social media, which lacks the checks and editing of traditional information sources, enables people to share deliberately false information, which is then accepted as ‘truth’ by many. Opinions are being manipulated via social media by people with their own motivations to discredit rivals or groups with different opinions, and gain power themselves. Social media has become a vehicle for spreading untruths, and has thereby undermined democracy.

The lift in the hotel I am staying in takes 3 seconds to move between consecutive floors and when it stops at a floor it remains stationary for a minimum of 9 seconds to let people in and out.

A screen inside the lift shows a list of the floors that it has been requested to stop at.

When the lift moves off after stopping at a floor it always stops next at the closest floor on its list. If two floors are equally close in both directions, it continues in the direction in which it was previously travelling.

The door of the lift has just closed after I have entered it at floor 11 and added floor 4 to the list of floors to be stopped at. The other floors currently on the list are floors 1, 6, 15 and 24.

Total unpaid work in the UK in 2015 had a value of £1000 billion, equivalent to approximately 55% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and women carried out an overall average of 60% more unpaid work than men. The only area where men put in more unpaid work hours than women was in the category of ‘non-leisure travel’. While the numbers of men and women are roughly equal, women did more unpaid work than men in every age group, from the 25 and under age category to the 56 and over age category. The figures also revealed that people on lower incomes tended to carry out on average more unpaid work than other income brackets.

Total unpaid work in the UK in 2015 had a value of £1000 billion, equivalent to approximately 55% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and women carried out an overall average of 60% more unpaid work than men. The only area where men put in more unpaid work hours than women was in the category of ‘non-leisure travel’. While the numbers of men and women are roughly equal, women did more unpaid work than men in every age group, from the 25 and under age category to the 56 and over age category. The figures also revealed that people on lower incomes tended to carry out on average more unpaid work than other income brackets.

1 Women spend more than twice as much time doing housework as men.

2 Laundry is the type of unpaid work that men spend the least time on relative to women.

Total unpaid work in the UK in 2015 had a value of £1000 billion, equivalent to approximately 55% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and women carried out an overall average of 60% more unpaid work than men. The only area where men put in more unpaid work hours than women was in the category of ‘non-leisure travel’. While the numbers of men and women are roughly equal, women did more unpaid work than men in every age group, from the 25 and under age category to the 56 and over age category. The figures also revealed that people on lower incomes tended to carry out on average more unpaid work than other income brackets.

Total unpaid work in the UK in 2015 had a value of £1000 billion, equivalent to approximately 55% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and women carried out an overall average of 60% more unpaid work than men. The only area where men put in more unpaid work hours than women was in the category of ‘non-leisure travel’. While the numbers of men and women are roughly equal, women did more unpaid work than men in every age group, from the 25 and under age category to the 56 and over age category. The figures also revealed that people on lower incomes tended to carry out on average more unpaid work than other income brackets.

Any railway customer who has to wait for a train that is delayed by more than 20 minutes is entitled to a refund of $6. Anyone who has to wait for a train that is delayed by more than 10 minutes but less than 20 minutes is entitled to a refund of $4.

The table below shows the scheduled arrival time and the actual arrival time for 10 customers’ trains.

All of the customers who were entitled to a refund did receive the refund from the railway company.

While well-intentioned, the campaign to ban tackling in school rugby constitutes an overreaction. Such a ban could lead to unintended negative consequences for the young people involved in the sport, and it must not be implemented. Many parents and others are very concerned about the potential for rugby tackling to cause head and spinal cord injuries.

However, the possibility of injury is present in any sport, and the health risks associated with physical inactivity are widely understood. Also, as is the case with boxing or any other contact sport, full-contact rugby enables players to channel aggression in a positive, controlled way. It is surely better to let young people show aggression through rugby than to wait for violent behaviour to happen impulsively.

1. It is unfeasible for schools to replace rugby with other activities that can channel aggression in a controlled manner.

2. Aggression is a natural or unavoidable feature of many young people’s behaviour.

3. It is impossible to sustain head or spinal cord injuries in other sports played at schools.

Among a group of 6 children, 2 belong to a football team.

Philip says it is Roger and Qayla.

Qayla says it is Philip and Roger.

Roger says it is Qayla and Sam.

Sam says it is Trista and Roger.

Trista says it is Ursula and Sam.

Ursula refuses to say anything.

Four of the children correctly named one person and lied about the other. One person lied about both. The sixth person, Ursula, said nothing.

The BBC’s codes and guidelines have maintained its reputation for broadcasting news that is representative of different political opinions. These include the political Right’s promotion of the freedom and prosperity of business, in contrast to the Left’s view that businesses should be regulated to serve everybody’s interests. There are no similar requirements for newspapers. The range of views on offer in the press derives largely from the extent of the pluralism of ownership and, in turn, the degree to which owners seek to influence editorial direction. Newspaper ownership in Britain is concentrated in the hands of a few businessmen. Newspapers are rarely profitable, but provide power, influence and easy access to the establishment, which their owners can exploit to secure economic conditions favourable to their businesses. Owners can directly dictate the newspaper’s position on a particular issue, and staff can be appointed for, or censored by, the political ethos of the organisation.

1. The Right promotes the interests of newspaper owners in Britain.

2. The political opinion presented in the British press is biased in favour of the Right.

In a paint factory, large and small containers must be filled with paint. Two pumps are available. The fast pump can deliver paint at 12 litres per minute, and the slow pump can deliver paint at 6 litres per minute.

Kadu begins to use one of the pumps to fill a large container and the other pump to fill a small container. He starts filling the containers at the same time, and, when the small container is half full, he swaps each container to the other pump. Both containers become full at the same time.

It is not unusual for a member of the British Royal Family to serve as an officer in the armed forces, and even, on occasion, to see active service. It happened quite recently when Prince Harry was posted to a war zone, raising questions about the heightened risk that such a high profile target would face, and possibly deflect onto others. At first the prince’s location was a well-kept secret, but in due course it became public knowledge, rightly prompting calls in parliament and the media for his recall. If the prince’s whereabouts had remained a secret, the level of risk could have been managed. But since his whereabouts were not a secret, risk management was not possible.

Three-year old Arthur has a junior skittles set. It contains four red skittles, four yellow skittles, three balls and a felt mat. The mat is shown below.

Six of the eight skittles are placed on the spots (there are two extra in the set in case of loss or damage). The balls must then be bowled from behind the line at the other end of the mat.

Between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 2015, there were 1104 fatal passenger aircraft crashes for which a definitive cause was known (see Table 1). The crashes included are those which had ten or more passengers on board and which resulted in at least one fatality. Military and private aircraft and helicopters were excluded. Where there were multiple causes, the most prominent cause was recorded. The category of pilot error includes those crashes in which weather or a mechanical fault was a strong contributing factor to the pilot error.

Table 1 Number of crashes in each category of primary cause, 1960 to 2015

Table 2 gives a breakdown of fatal accidents and onboard fatalities by phase of flight over the same period.

Table 2 Fatal crashes and onboard fatalities by phase of flight, 1960 to 2015

* Percentage of flight time estimated for a 1.5 hour flight

Since 1997, the average number of airliner crashes per year has shown a steady and  persistent decline, thanks to the continuing efforts of international aviation organisations and the stringent safety standards now in place in the aviation industry. Recent figures reveal that 2016 was the second safest year on record. There were 17 fatal crashes, resulting in 325 deaths, down from 560 in 2015. Given that a total of around 3.5 billion air passengers flew during 2016, that’s just one death per 10.8 million travellers.

Only one year saw fewer deaths – 2013, with 265. But with 3.05 billion passengers boarding a plane that year, that amounts to a very similar number of deaths per passenger (one per 11.5 million). When one discounts sabotage, 2015 was actually the safest year on record. Two crashes, deliberately caused, accounted for the majority of fatalities that year. So it is easy to see that air travel has never been safer.

Between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 2015, there were 1104 fatal passenger aircraft crashes for which a definitive cause was known (see Table 1). The crashes included are those which had ten or more passengers on board and which resulted in at least one fatality. Military and private aircraft and helicopters were excluded. Where there were multiple causes, the most prominent cause was recorded. The category of pilot error includes those crashes in which weather or a mechanical fault was a strong contributing factor to the pilot error.

Table 1 Number of crashes in each category of primary cause, 1960 to 2015

Table 2 gives a breakdown of fatal accidents and onboard fatalities by phase of flight over the same period.

Table 2 Fatal crashes and onboard fatalities by phase of flight, 1960 to 2015

* Percentage of flight time estimated for a 1.5 hour flight

Since 1997, the average number of airliner crashes per year has shown a steady and  persistent decline, thanks to the continuing efforts of international aviation organisations and the stringent safety standards now in place in the aviation industry. Recent figures reveal that 2016 was the second safest year on record. There were 17 fatal crashes, resulting in 325 deaths, down from 560 in 2015. Given that a total of around 3.5 billion air passengers flew during 2016, that’s just one death per 10.8 million travellers.

Only one year saw fewer deaths – 2013, with 265. But with 3.05 billion passengers boarding a plane that year, that amounts to a very similar number of deaths per passenger (one per 11.5 million). When one discounts sabotage, 2015 was actually the safest year on record. Two crashes, deliberately caused, accounted for the majority of fatalities that year. So it is easy to see that air travel has never been safer.

Between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 2015, there were 1104 fatal passenger aircraft crashes for which a definitive cause was known (see Table 1). The crashes included are those which had ten or more passengers on board and which resulted in at least one fatality. Military and private aircraft and helicopters were excluded. Where there were multiple causes, the most prominent cause was recorded. The category of pilot error includes those crashes in which weather or a mechanical fault was a strong contributing factor to the pilot error.

Table 1 Number of crashes in each category of primary cause, 1960 to 2015

Table 2 gives a breakdown of fatal accidents and onboard fatalities by phase of flight over the same period.

Table 2 Fatal crashes and onboard fatalities by phase of flight, 1960 to 2015

* Percentage of flight time estimated for a 1.5 hour flight

Since 1997, the average number of airliner crashes per year has shown a steady and  persistent decline, thanks to the continuing efforts of international aviation organisations and the stringent safety standards now in place in the aviation industry. Recent figures reveal that 2016 was the second safest year on record. There were 17 fatal crashes, resulting in 325 deaths, down from 560 in 2015. Given that a total of around 3.5 billion air passengers flew during 2016, that’s just one death per 10.8 million travellers.

Only one year saw fewer deaths – 2013, with 265. But with 3.05 billion passengers boarding a plane that year, that amounts to a very similar number of deaths per passenger (one per 11.5 million). When one discounts sabotage, 2015 was actually the safest year on record. Two crashes, deliberately caused, accounted for the majority of fatalities that year. So it is easy to see that air travel has never been safer.

For the most part, the proportions of crashes that were attributable to each category of primary cause have remained broadly constant over the period since 1960.

Between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 2015, there were 1104 fatal passenger aircraft crashes for which a definitive cause was known (see Table 1). The crashes included are those which had ten or more passengers on board and which resulted in at least one fatality. Military and private aircraft and helicopters were excluded. Where there were multiple causes, the most prominent cause was recorded. The category of pilot error includes those crashes in which weather or a mechanical fault was a strong contributing factor to the pilot error.

Table 1 Number of crashes in each category of primary cause, 1960 to 2015

Table 2 gives a breakdown of fatal accidents and onboard fatalities by phase of flight over the same period.

Table 2 Fatal crashes and onboard fatalities by phase of flight, 1960 to 2015

* Percentage of flight time estimated for a 1.5 hour flight

Since 1997, the average number of airliner crashes per year has shown a steady and  persistent decline, thanks to the continuing efforts of international aviation organisations and the stringent safety standards now in place in the aviation industry. Recent figures reveal that 2016 was the second safest year on record. There were 17 fatal crashes, resulting in 325 deaths, down from 560 in 2015. Given that a total of around 3.5 billion air passengers flew during 2016, that’s just one death per 10.8 million travellers.

Only one year saw fewer deaths – 2013, with 265. But with 3.05 billion passengers boarding a plane that year, that amounts to a very similar number of deaths per passenger (one per 11.5 million). When one discounts sabotage, 2015 was actually the safest year on record. Two crashes, deliberately caused, accounted for the majority of fatalities that year. So it is easy to see that air travel has never been safer.

I use a 4-digit PIN with my bank cards. Each digit can be any digit between 1 and 9. I have set the code so that:

• the first and second digits are consecutive (subtracting the first from the second digit gives 1).

• the third and fourth digits are consecutive (subtracting the third from the fourth digit gives 1).

• the first and fourth digits add together to give the same value as the second and third digits multiplied together.

Domestic cats are popular pets worldwide, and have the potential to significantly affect prey species in both rural and urban areas. Several studies have shown that cats living on the outskirts of urban areas and those living in rural areas bring home more prey, and a greater variety of prey, than cats living in more urbanised environments. However, not all studies have found detrimental effects of cat predation on wildlife. A study in Canberra, Australia, found that domestic cats caught and killed so-called ‘invasive’ species of rodents and birds – those that are non-native to the ecosystem and whose presence causes or is likely to cause harm. Thus, keeping domestic cats should be encouraged as it has a positive effect on native wildlife.

Simone has won $200 in a competition and she decides to share the money between five different charities that she supports. No charity will receive more than $100 and each charity will receive a whole number of dollars. Each one of the charities will receive a different amount and at least $10. Simone will give the second highest amount of money to a local charity STARS.

It is known that one of the factors that can promote better health in infants is the good health of the mother. What is less well-known is that there are real dangers presented by bottle-feeding, a practice that has become very popular in developing countries. Firstly, formula milk lacks the protective properties (antibodies, enzymes, long chain fatty acids and hormones) of breast milk. Secondly, there is the danger of contamination in situations where hygiene is poorly understood or difficult to achieve. Thirdly, formula milk may be over-diluted as a way of saving on cost.

Companies selling formula milk have led aggressive advertising campaigns to promote bottle-feeding; as a result, many governments in the developing world have introduced limits on or banned such marketing. More action is urgently needed throughout the developing world if we are to help women and avoid infant ill health and mortality. One estimate put the number of infant deaths in the developing world caused by bottle-feeding at 13% of all deaths.

The prices of pizzas at Paul’s are shown in the following table.

Paul decided to have a promotion with two special discounts available on the total cost of pizzas, including any toppings:

• buy one pizza, get any other one for half price

• buy any four pizzas, get another one free

Paul had intended that the discount would apply to the cheapest pizza in each case, but forgot to include this wording on the promotional material. He therefore had to allow customers to decide which pizzas would have the discount applied.

Seven friends ordered the following pizzas:

A study of routine health screening programmes found no consistent evidence that they improved health or reduced death rates and concluded that ‘while we cannot be certain that general health checks lead to benefit, we know that all medical interventions can lead to harm’. Possible harms include overtreatment due to false positive results. In routine screening for breast cancer, for example, tumours may be detected leading to major surgery when those tumours may never – if left alone – have developed into anything harmful. Furthermore, people who are better off or healthier are more likely to participate in routine screening, so the screening may not reach those who need it most. This is not to imply that the individual components of health checks are ineffective or to discount the value of targeted screening programmes in geographical areas where levels of disease are more prevalent.

Most board games that require two dice are supplied with two identical dice, both having 1 to 6 spots on their faces, with the spots on opposite faces adding up to 7.

The two dice supplied with one of my board games are different. One has 0 to 5 spots on its faces, with the spots on opposite faces adding up to 5, while the other one has 2 to 7 spots on its faces, with the spots on opposite faces adding up to 9.

This is a view of both dice together.

Biofuels are an energy source derived mainly from plants and widely thought to offer a better alternative to petroleum and other fossil fuels. In particular, when biofuels are burned to generate electricity or power a car, they produce lower emissions of carbon dioxide, the gas largely responsible for human-caused climate change. Concerns do exist about other consequences of switching to biofuels. For instance, using biofuels to meet the energy needs of even a few industrialised nations would likely require converting large amounts of forest and land now utilised for growing food to the production of crops only suitable for manufacturing biofuels. Such land use change could harm biodiversity and also reduce food availability for some of the world’s poorest people. Yet the planet-wide threat posed by climate change is so significant that a transition from fossil fuels to biofuels must be pursued.

1. Longer growing seasons and other likely impacts of climate change will lead to increased food harvests in some areas.

2. Technology exists to manufacture biofuels cheaply and efficiently from waste products associated with existing food production arrangements.

Bruno was awarded 48 marks out of 80 for his coursework project. The maximum mark available for each of the four sections: research, design, construction and evaluation, was 20. The marks for all sections were expressed in whole numbers.

The smallest difference between the marks awarded to any two of Bruno’s sections was 2. This was between design and construction, which were his two best sections. The largest difference was 11, between design and evaluation.

All proteins are composed entirely of amino acids. Determining the amino acid mixture that is most desirable in a protein food is an issue of debate. Part of the difficulty in determining our need for individual amino acids involves the interconversion of amino acids that is constantly taking place in our body. Researchers simplify amino acid recommendations by dividing the twenty amino acids into three basic categories: dispensable, indispensable, and conditionally indispensable. The five dispensable amino acids are those that our bodies are able to make under all circumstances; the nine indispensable amino acids can never be made by our body and must be consumed through diet; the six conditionally indispensable amino acids can be made by our body under many circumstances but, under other circumstances, cannot be made in a sufficiently reliable way to meet our needs.

Our bodies can take some amino acids and convert them into others, for example phenylalanine into tyrosine and methionine into cysteine. However, these conversions rely on the presence of other molecules, and the ability of our bodies to create and transform amino acids can (as with the examples cited) change at different stages of life and in different states of health.

The protein content of human breast milk falls from 2.5% immediately after giving birth to 1% eight weeks after birth, but the amino acid mix of the protein content remains the same and has always been regarded as the ideal for infants. For older humans, however, protein quality is provided through a variety of foods, which makes it more difficult to determine the most desirable mixture of amino acids. One proposal for a desirable mixture of amino acids for adults is the mixture found in a hen’s egg, based on a recommended daily protein intake of 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight.

Table 1 shows the number of milligrams of each amino acid per gram of protein consumed for human milk and a hen’s egg.

An alternative proposal, presented in Table 2, recommends levels for daily amino acid intake based upon a person’s age, sex and body weight (in mg / kg of body weight per day).

* not established

Abbreviations: His – histidine, Iso – isoleucine, Leu – leucine, Lys – lysine, Cys+Met – total of cysteine and methionine, Phe+Tyr – total of phenylalanine and tyrosine, Thr – threonine,

Try – Tryptophan, Val – valine.

All proteins are composed entirely of amino acids. Determining the amino acid mixture that is most desirable in a protein food is an issue of debate. Part of the difficulty in determining our need for individual amino acids involves the interconversion of amino acids that is constantly taking place in our body. Researchers simplify amino acid recommendations by dividing the twenty amino acids into three basic categories: dispensable, indispensable, and conditionally indispensable. The five dispensable amino acids are those that our bodies are able to make under all circumstances; the nine indispensable amino acids can never be made by our body and must be consumed through diet; the six conditionally indispensable amino acids can be made by our body under many circumstances but, under other circumstances, cannot be made in a sufficiently reliable way to meet our needs.

Our bodies can take some amino acids and convert them into others, for example phenylalanine into tyrosine and methionine into cysteine. However, these conversions rely on the presence of other molecules, and the ability of our bodies to create and transform amino acids can (as with the examples cited) change at different stages of life and in different states of health.

The protein content of human breast milk falls from 2.5% immediately after giving birth to 1% eight weeks after birth, but the amino acid mix of the protein content remains the same and has always been regarded as the ideal for infants. For older humans, however, protein quality is provided through a variety of foods, which makes it more difficult to determine the most desirable mixture of amino acids. One proposal for a desirable mixture of amino acids for adults is the mixture found in a hen’s egg, based on a recommended daily protein intake of 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight.

Table 1 shows the number of milligrams of each amino acid per gram of protein consumed for human milk and a hen’s egg.

An alternative proposal, presented in Table 2, recommends levels for daily amino acid intake based upon a person’s age, sex and body weight (in mg / kg of body weight per day).

* not established

Abbreviations: His – histidine, Iso – isoleucine, Leu – leucine, Lys – lysine, Cys+Met – total of cysteine and methionine, Phe+Tyr – total of phenylalanine and tyrosine, Thr – threonine,

Try – Tryptophan, Val – valine.

All proteins are composed entirely of amino acids. Determining the amino acid mixture that is most desirable in a protein food is an issue of debate. Part of the difficulty in determining our need for individual amino acids involves the interconversion of amino acids that is constantly taking place in our body. Researchers simplify amino acid recommendations by dividing the twenty amino acids into three basic categories: dispensable, indispensable, and conditionally indispensable. The five dispensable amino acids are those that our bodies are able to make under all circumstances; the nine indispensable amino acids can never be made by our body and must be consumed through diet; the six conditionally indispensable amino acids can be made by our body under many circumstances but, under other circumstances, cannot be made in a sufficiently reliable way to meet our needs.

Our bodies can take some amino acids and convert them into others, for example phenylalanine into tyrosine and methionine into cysteine. However, these conversions rely on the presence of other molecules, and the ability of our bodies to create and transform amino acids can (as with the examples cited) change at different stages of life and in different states of health.

The protein content of human breast milk falls from 2.5% immediately after giving birth to 1% eight weeks after birth, but the amino acid mix of the protein content remains the same and has always been regarded as the ideal for infants. For older humans, however, protein quality is provided through a variety of foods, which makes it more difficult to determine the most desirable mixture of amino acids. One proposal for a desirable mixture of amino acids for adults is the mixture found in a hen’s egg, based on a recommended daily protein intake of 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight.

Table 1 shows the number of milligrams of each amino acid per gram of protein consumed for human milk and a hen’s egg.

An alternative proposal, presented in Table 2, recommends levels for daily amino acid intake based upon a person’s age, sex and body weight (in mg / kg of body weight per day).

* not established

Abbreviations: His – histidine, Iso – isoleucine, Leu – leucine, Lys – lysine, Cys+Met – total of cysteine and methionine, Phe+Tyr – total of phenylalanine and tyrosine, Thr – threonine,

Try – Tryptophan, Val – valine.

All proteins are composed entirely of amino acids. Determining the amino acid mixture that is most desirable in a protein food is an issue of debate. Part of the difficulty in determining our need for individual amino acids involves the interconversion of amino acids that is constantly taking place in our body. Researchers simplify amino acid recommendations by dividing the twenty amino acids into three basic categories: dispensable, indispensable, and conditionally indispensable. The five dispensable amino acids are those that our bodies are able to make under all circumstances; the nine indispensable amino acids can never be made by our body and must be consumed through diet; the six conditionally indispensable amino acids can be made by our body under many circumstances but, under other circumstances, cannot be made in a sufficiently reliable way to meet our needs.

Our bodies can take some amino acids and convert them into others, for example phenylalanine into tyrosine and methionine into cysteine. However, these conversions rely on the presence of other molecules, and the ability of our bodies to create and transform amino acids can (as with the examples cited) change at different stages of life and in different states of health.

The protein content of human breast milk falls from 2.5% immediately after giving birth to 1% eight weeks after birth, but the amino acid mix of the protein content remains the same and has always been regarded as the ideal for infants. For older humans, however, protein quality is provided through a variety of foods, which makes it more difficult to determine the most desirable mixture of amino acids. One proposal for a desirable mixture of amino acids for adults is the mixture found in a hen’s egg, based on a recommended daily protein intake of 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight.

Table 1 shows the number of milligrams of each amino acid per gram of protein consumed for human milk and a hen’s egg.

An alternative proposal, presented in Table 2, recommends levels for daily amino acid intake based upon a person’s age, sex and body weight (in mg / kg of body weight per day).

* not established

Abbreviations: His – histidine, Iso – isoleucine, Leu – leucine, Lys – lysine, Cys+Met – total of cysteine and methionine, Phe+Tyr – total of phenylalanine and tyrosine, Thr – threonine,

Try – Tryptophan, Val – valine.